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In the system of Fire and Explosion Protection,the system components dealing with detection & alarm of fires and explosions and susequent response action are the most important. Protection of life and prevention of property damage greatly depend on the efficient and fast detection and response action at the earliest stage of Fire and Explosion,i.e.at initiation and growth stage,when the fire is small in size and can be relatively easily extinguished. It can be observed that properly designed,installed,operated and maintained fire and explosion detection and alarm systems have eliminated fire losses on a number of incidents in the past.Expenditure needed for installing such automatic detection systems in industrial and residential premises are really quite minor in comparison with the huge benefits they provide. The best and most universal fire detector is man himself.Human beings possess senses which can detect all principal combustion products. Flames and smoke can be seen by the eyes,heat can be felt by touch,and gases can be smelled through the nose.However,there are many situations and places where people are not,or cannot always be present.In such cases,it is necessary to use automatic fire detectors. Fire detectors are classified according to fire phenomina,into mainly four types viz. 1) Smoke detectors 2)Gas detectors 3)Heat detectors and 4) Radiation detectors

Electrostatic precipitator is the most widely used catalyst collection technique in the petroleum refining industry.This wide acceptance may be attributed to the operational and maintenance friendly characteristics of the equipment. The basic principle in electrostatic precipitation is to impart electrical charges to the particles suspended in the gas stream in order to collect them before they reach the stack.It involves three steps,particle charging,particle collection,and particle removal.The principal components of a precipitator system are 1)Transformer - Rectifier(TR) 2)Precipitator TR Controller 3)Collecting Electrode system 4)Discharge Electrode system 5)Insulator compartment / Penthouse 6)Air Purge system 7) Rapping System 8) Fines Removal system

The consumer has to know his rights & responsibilities for his own welfare and for the development of a vibrant and stable economy. An alert consumer is an asset to the nation. World Consumer Day is celebrated on March 15th every year. Know Your SIX Consumer Rights: 1.Right to be Informed. To know about quality,quantity and price of goods /services 2.Right to be Heard. To be assured that your interest will receive due consideration 3.Right to seek redressal. To seek legal redressal against unfair or restrictive trade practices or exploitation 4.Right to Safety. To be protected against sale of goods and services which are spurious and/or hazardous to life and property 5.Right to Choose. To be assured,wherever possible,of access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices 6.Right to Consumer Education. To consumer education Know Your Responsibilities: For excercising your rights,you should:- 1.Obtain full information regarding quality and price before making any purchase. 2.Be careful about false and / misleading advertisements. 3.Purchase goods having certification for safety and quality. 4.Obtain proper receipt / cash memo for purchases made and guarantee/warranty card duly stamped and signed by the seller,where applicable. 5.Approach statutorily appointed authorities for redressal of grievances against sale of defective goods or deficient services or adoption of unfair or restrictive trade practices.

A computer being a machine needs definite instructions to do a specified job.These instructions must be non-ambiguous and are to be given in a particular sequence.Moreover,these instructions have to be in a language which is understood by the computer (Computer can not understand spoken words in any language). The computer can understand binary language, language of 0 and 1, also called Machine level language.Binary numbering system use base 2 and has only two digits 0 (zero) and 1(one).Bit is abbreviation of binary digit. A computer being an electronic machine,can understand language of electric pulses,the presence of electric pulse denoted by 1 and its absence by 0. Program is a set of instructions written in machine code,prepared for the computer. Instructions are executed by the central processor and the person who performs this fuction is a Programmer.

If you wish to conduct a training programme on "FIRE & SAFETY",in a Petoleum refinery or an hydrocarbon processing plant,coverage can be as listed below. 1) SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN OIL INDUSTRY 2) SAFETY ENGINEERING 3) CONCEPT AND EFFECTS OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION 4) CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES 5) HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL 6) HAZARDS OF MATERIALS 7) SOURCES OF HEAT ENERGY / OXIDANTS 8) FIRE AND EXPLOSION PROTECTION 9) FIRE FIGHTING FACILITIES 10) FIRE /EXPLOSION DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS 11) ELECTRICAL SAFETY 12) DISASTER MANAGEMENT 13) CHEMICAL /OIL SPILLS 14) SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION 15) SAFETY IN DESIGN OF PLANTS 16)MAINTENANCE INSPECTION BASIS 17)PRESERVATION OF IDLE EQUIPMENT 18) CODES AND STANDARDS - FACILITIES AND PROCEDURES 19) SAFETY AUDITS 20) ACCIDENT ANALYSIS 21) CASE STUDIES / DISCUSSIONS- INCIDENTS Contents shall be designed specific to plant.