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Tomorrow is the birthday of John Carew Eccles, the Australian neurophysiologist who shares a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for discoveries about synapses, tiny nerve-cell junctions which pass chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. Although Eccles originally believed that synaptic transmission was primarily electrical rather than chemical, his own research ultimately disproved his hypothesis. Eccles' scientific experiments, along with his philosophical examinations of the mind, advanced the cause of neuroscience while probing the relationship between brain and self. A dedicated theist and sometime Roman Catholic, Eccles believed in both God and evolution. In the words of his biographer, Eccles theorized "that there is a Divine Providence operating over and above the materialistic happenings of biological evolution".
John Carew Eccles was born in Melbourne, Australia on January 27, 1903. His parents, William James Eccles and Mary Carew Eccles, were both teachers. As a young man, John Eccles attended Melbourne University, studying medicine and graduating with honors. He was awarded a Rhodes scholarship and enrolled at Oxford's Magdalen College to learn from Charles Scott Sherrington, an anatomist who once worked with Robert Koch. While in England, Eccles served as Sherrington's research assistant, publishing eight papers with his mentor. In 1929, Eccles earned a Ph.D. for his thesis about excitation and inhibition in nerve cell membranes. He continued to work with Sherrington for another eight years, using advances in electrophysiology to study rival chemical and electrical theories of synaptic transmission.
In 1937, Eccles returned to Australia to serve as director of medical research at a laboratory in Sydney. World War II interrupted his neuromuscular research, however, and in 1944 Eccles moved to New Zealand to become Professor of Physiology at the University of Otago. In 1951, Eccles and two colleagues inserted microelectrodes into nerve cells and recorded the electrical responses produced by excitatory and inhibitory synapses. His publication of The Neurophysiological Basis of Mind: The Principles of Neurophysiology was then followed by a four-year stint as Professor of Physiology at Australian National University. While in Canberra, Eccles isolated the ionic mechanisms and biophysical properties of neurotransmission, research for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963. A year later, he published The Physiology of Synapses, incorporating the results of research made possible by advancements in electronmicroscopy and micropharmacology.
John Carew Eccles moved to the United States in 1966, continuing his work first at the Institute of Biomedical Research in Chicago and then at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Much of his scientific research from this period appears in two books: The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine and The Inhibitory Pathways of the Central Nervous System. In addition to these purely scientific studies, Eccles also published a tract which refuted identify theory, the prevailing scientific theory of the mind. In Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self, Eccles rejected the materialist hypothesis that mental states are identical with physiochemical states as an "impoverished and empty" theory which fails to account for "the wonder and mystery of the human self with its spiritual values". Eccles' counter-theory, a hypothesis known as dual-interactionism, posits that human beings have both a non-material mind which acts upon, and is influenced by, "bodies and brains existing in a material world".
Opponents of dualist-interactionism claimed that Eccles' view of brain-mind interaction violated the law of conservation of energy. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy in a closed system can be changed from one form to another, but neither created nor destroyed. With help from quantum physicist Friedrich Beck, John Carew Eccles countered his critics with the publication of How the Self Controls Its Brain in 1994. In his last, great work, Eccles argued that energy can be borrowed from the "quantum vacuum" and then returned within a fraction of a second. Death, Eccles continued, merely dissolves "our dualist existence".
John Carew Eccles died on May 2, 1997.
Resources:
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/eccles-bio.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html
http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/science/prat-bra.htm
http://www.amazon.com/How-Self-Controls-Its-Brain/dp/3540562907
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookEner1.html
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