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Great Engineers & Scientists

In 1676, Sir Isaac Newton wrote "If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants." In this blog, we take Newton's words to heart, and recognize the many great engineers and scientists upon whose shoulders we stand.

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Happy Birthday, John Carew Eccles

Posted January 26, 2007 9:51 AM

Tomorrow is the birthday of John Carew Eccles, the Australian neurophysiologist who shares a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for discoveries about synapses, tiny nerve-cell junctions which pass chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. Although Eccles originally believed that synaptic transmission was primarily electrical rather than chemical, his own research ultimately disproved his hypothesis. Eccles' scientific experiments, along with his philosophical examinations of the mind, advanced the cause of neuroscience while probing the relationship between brain and self. A dedicated theist and sometime Roman Catholic, Eccles believed in both God and evolution. In the words of his biographer, Eccles theorized "that there is a Divine Providence operating over and above the materialistic happenings of biological evolution".

John Carew Eccles was born in Melbourne, Australia on January 27, 1903. His parents, William James Eccles and Mary Carew Eccles, were both teachers. As a young man, John Eccles attended Melbourne University, studying medicine and graduating with honors. He was awarded a Rhodes scholarship and enrolled at Oxford's Magdalen College to learn from Charles Scott Sherrington, an anatomist who once worked with Robert Koch. While in England, Eccles served as Sherrington's research assistant, publishing eight papers with his mentor. In 1929, Eccles earned a Ph.D. for his thesis about excitation and inhibition in nerve cell membranes. He continued to work with Sherrington for another eight years, using advances in electrophysiology to study rival chemical and electrical theories of synaptic transmission.

In 1937, Eccles returned to Australia to serve as director of medical research at a laboratory in Sydney. World War II interrupted his neuromuscular research, however, and in 1944 Eccles moved to New Zealand to become Professor of Physiology at the University of Otago. In 1951, Eccles and two colleagues inserted microelectrodes into nerve cells and recorded the electrical responses produced by excitatory and inhibitory synapses. His publication of The Neurophysiological Basis of Mind: The Principles of Neurophysiology was then followed by a four-year stint as Professor of Physiology at Australian National University. While in Canberra, Eccles isolated the ionic mechanisms and biophysical properties of neurotransmission, research for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963. A year later, he published The Physiology of Synapses, incorporating the results of research made possible by advancements in electronmicroscopy and micropharmacology.

John Carew Eccles moved to the United States in 1966, continuing his work first at the Institute of Biomedical Research in Chicago and then at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Much of his scientific research from this period appears in two books: The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine and The Inhibitory Pathways of the Central Nervous System. In addition to these purely scientific studies, Eccles also published a tract which refuted identify theory, the prevailing scientific theory of the mind. In Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self, Eccles rejected the materialist hypothesis that mental states are identical with physiochemical states as an "impoverished and empty" theory which fails to account for "the wonder and mystery of the human self with its spiritual values". Eccles' counter-theory, a hypothesis known as dual-interactionism, posits that human beings have both a non-material mind which acts upon, and is influenced by, "bodies and brains existing in a material world".

Opponents of dualist-interactionism claimed that Eccles' view of brain-mind interaction violated the law of conservation of energy. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy in a closed system can be changed from one form to another, but neither created nor destroyed. With help from quantum physicist Friedrich Beck, John Carew Eccles countered his critics with the publication of How the Self Controls Its Brain in 1994. In his last, great work, Eccles argued that energy can be borrowed from the "quantum vacuum" and then returned within a fraction of a second. Death, Eccles continued, merely dissolves "our dualist existence".

John Carew Eccles died on May 2, 1997.

Resources:

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/eccles-bio.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html

http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/science/prat-bra.htm

http://www.amazon.com/How-Self-Controls-Its-Brain/dp/3540562907

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookEner1.html


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The Engineer
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#1

Re: Happy Birthday, John Carew Eccles

01/29/2007 9:44 AM

John Carew Eccles has had an excellent career and contributed a lot to the understanding of how the nervous system works. I am disturbed by his attempts in later life to "prove" the existence of a soul. This work seems more metaphysics than physics or biology.

"In his last, great work, Eccles argued that energy can be borrowed from the "quantum vacuum" and then returned within a fraction of a second."

There is no experimental evidence that requires energy to be borrowed from the quantum vacuum. Only his original rational of corporeal and ethereal minds cooperatively working together requires this explanation. As there is no evidence of this in nature, there is little reason to justify it with quantum vacuum.

It's an admirable desire to try prove the existence of a soul. Whether we admit it or not, we all fear our own end. Not our death mind you, but an ending of our existence. John Eccles is not the first to turn to quantum mechanics as a justification of mystical or spiritual beliefs, but this approach is scientifically unsound and unreasonable. There is room for both faith and science in this world, but neither must be subjugate to the other. When you try to justify religion through questionable science (metaphysics), or science through questionable religion (Atheism - a religious view, not a scientific fact), you end up damaging the integrity of both.

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#3
In reply to #1

Re: Happy Birthday, John Carew Eccles

01/30/2007 8:42 AM

Roger, I agree with you that Eccles' last work borders on the metaphysical.

However, I cannot fault him for the notion of borrowing energy from the vacuum of space for a short time. Whether it has been directly detected experimentally, I don't know, but quantum theorists surely think it is happening!

Jorrie

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The Engineer
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#4
In reply to #3

Re: Happy Birthday, John Carew Eccles

01/30/2007 9:48 AM

Don't get me wrong, I certainly accept that particle-antiparticle pairs can form from a vacuum and that energy could be borrowed from the vacuum as well. I just don't think it would "prove" the existence of a ethereal mind.

That said, he seems to have had a great career in science.

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#2

Re: Happy Birthday, John Carew Eccles

01/29/2007 4:44 PM

Eccles was honored a year ago at MIT as part of "The Faith of Great Scientists" series. Johannes Kepler and Robert Boyle are good company.

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#5

Re: Happy Birthday, John Carew Eccles

02/01/2007 10:13 PM

I find that science in it's purest form and religious faith have this in common: That they are both grounded in objective truth. It's only when we, as flawed an subjective human beings, discover that our scientific or theological pursuits conflict with our own personal dearly held opinions or desired outcomes, that there comes a problem. We let those subjective thoughts influence our conclusions or beliefs. I believe that Eccles was attempting to use his knowledge to prove his belief. I personally don't think that is necessary. The existence of our Creator is demonstrated by the very fact of our own existence. The universe we see around us and the very fact that we can see and comprehend it is proof of His existence. The Bible puts it this way in Romans 1:20 "For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities-His eternal power and divine nature-have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse." NIV

I cannot recall ever having seen anything that was the result of honest scientific investigation that would conflict with anything I have read in the Bible. Likewise, I would not discount what the Bible says, just because there is not scientific evidence to back it up. There is much that we don't understand about what we can observe. If mankind would collectively learn to accept our place as the crown jewel in the creation of God, His prized possession and object of His affection, we would be the better off for it. We need to use our God given gifts of intellect to analyze and comprehend what we see in the light of His truth instead of trying to invent our own. We need to quit arrogantly trying to occupy the current pinnacle of a random process of "natural selection" which ultimately proves our utter worthlessness since that makes us no more than some cosmic accident destined to be replaced by the next iteration of that process. Man is nothing without God. It's only our pride which prevents us from admitting that.

Pursuing scientific exploration in the light of a true understanding of God's desire for man to learn and grow to eventually be able to actually interact with Him directly, opens up vast fields of understanding. Isaac Newton is just one example of a scientist who believed in God, it didn't seem to hinder his scientific investigations.

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