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"The problem with the Internet is obvious to anyone who has ever used it," write Chris Mooney and Sheril Kirshenbaum in the final part of Unscientific America: How Scientific Illiteracy Threatens Our Future. "There's tons of information available, but much of it is crap".
The Bloggers Cannot Save Us
According to the National Science Foundation (NSF), blogs are now the second most popular source of information about science - at least for the average American. Television shows about science are still more popular, but Americans are turning increasingly to the Web instead of going to the library. Yet "science blogging", Mooney and Kirshenbaum claim, "can rarely serve as a substitute for in-depth, considered professional science journalism of the sort that is now in demonstrable decline".
Part of the problem is with the bloggers. The other part is with their audience. Blogging, Unscientific America claims, is informed by "a set of pressures that inevitably leads to much quick writing and posting rather than deep, sustained thought. Like journalists in print media, bloggers try to avoid being "scooped" and may struggle to meet deadlines. Then there's the matter of blog appeal. "Anti-religion and anti-science polemics are both very popular," as PZ Myer's second-place showing at the 2008 Weblog Awards reveals.
Yet the success of "New Atheist" bloggers such as the University of Minnesota biology professor isn't necessarily due to their catholic (universal) appeal. Rather, as Mooney and Kirshenbaum claim, "the single biggest blogging negative . . . is the grouping together of people who already agree about everything." True-believers such as the atheists who congregate at Myer's Pharyngula blog "proceed to square and cube their agreements, becoming increasingly self-assured and intolerant of other viewpoints".
This argument of Unscientific America has merit, of course, but perhaps the authors should visit a science-related Web site (and one with plenty of blogs) such as CR4. Here, they'd find spirited debate on a great many subjects rather than a "grouping together of people who agree about everything."
Are Our Scientists Learning?
If the bloggers cannot save us, then who can? "America doesn't merely need non-scientists to better understand the details of science," Mooney and Kirshenbaum claim. Rather, "we need them to see why science matters to their lives and their careers". The data indicates that this will be a tough sell, however, especially during an economic downturn that some economists have dubbed The Great Recession.
According to a 2007 (and now outdated) study by the Urban Institute that Unscientific America cites, the U.S. "produces more than three times as many four-year college science and engineering graduates as there are corresponding science and engineering job openings". America also educates and employees more professional scientists than any other nation. Yet just as graduates of four-year colleges struggle to find employment in their fields of study, newly-minted Ph.D.'s must also work to find work. According to Unscientific America, a Ph.D. recipient under the age of 35 has just a 7% chance of landing a tenure-track position in America.
Most Americans don't hold doctorates, of course, and not every adult attends a four-year college (or even a two-year one). Nor will most Americans put science front-and-center at a time when pocketbook issues are paramount. So when Mooney and Kirshenbaum write that "our high schools turn a lot of smart people off to science – smart people who instead go on to study, law, finance or business", it's not hard to see how this trend will continue. Again, according to the 2007 Urban Institute study, only 45% of those who earn a bachelor's degree in science or engineering work within those fields within two years of graduation.
Conclusion
Unscientific America was published in 2009, but the spirit in which it was written may require revision now that the job losses of The Great Recession have become evident. In order for Americans to heed the book's call "to see why science matters to their lives and careers", they must first perceive a relationship between scientific research and economic prosperity. Research for research's sakes won't win science many allies, especially when that research is government-funded and thus politically polarizing.
Explaining the relevance of science isn't just an intellectual or political activity then, but also an economic one. A scientist-communicator in the mold of Carl Sagan might help, but talk of "billions and billions of stars" would be far less appealing than "millions and millions of jobs". America would benefit from the well-rounded "Renaissance scientists" that Chris Mooney and Sheril Kirshenbaum celebrate, but the perceived benefits of science must extend far beyond a scientific elite that is all-to-easy too demonize for political gain.
Author's Note: This blog entry is the fourth in a series. Here are the links to the other entries, which correspond to the parts of the book.
Book Review: Unscientific America (Introduction)
The Rise and Cultural Decline of American Science
Unscientific America: Different Rifts, Still Divided
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