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A very famous study was done in 1972 to analyze how long a
child resisted the temptation of eating a marshmallow, and whether or not doing
so was correlated with a future success (getting two marshmallows).

Screen Shot: The Marshmallow Test
The study was done by Stanford University with over 600
children ages 4 to 6 years old. The
children were led into a room and given a marshmallow. They were then told that
they could eat the marshmallow immediately, or wait for a second marshmallow.
The video
results of this experiment are quite entertaining. The children had some creative
ways to distract themselves in order to resist temptation. Age was a major
determinant of deferred gratification. Only a minority ate the marshmallow
immediately and years later a correlation was made between the results of the
marshmallow test and the success of the children many years later. Later
studies demonstrated that children who waited for the marshmallow were described
as being significantly more competent and had higher SAT scores.

Image Credit:
Screen Shot from The Marshmallow Experiment - Instant Gratification
A recent follow-up study was done by the University of
Rochester and published in Cognition. This study looked at self-control of the
child as well as the environmental reliability they are put in. The experiment
set up two environments: one reliable and one unreliable. Each child was given
a craft project to do and very limited supplies. The child was then told if
they wanted to wait more art supplies could be brought to them. In the reliable
environment a better set of supplies was brought for the child. While in the
unreliable environment they were told better supplies couldn't be found.
When the child completed the craft they were told it was
snack time and faced with the classic
marshmallow experiment set up. A
toddler from the unreliable environment was highly skeptical, Celeste Kidd, the
doctoral student running the experiment said. "[Our researcher] did the first
two experiments, saying 'Sorry, we made a mistake,' and then explained the
marshmallow choice. He said, 'Are you sure you have other marshmallows? You
better have other marshmallows.' It was like a verbal acknowledgement of, 'You
say things that are not true.'"

The only time I can't resist a marshmallow. Image Credit: Wikipedia
Children in the stable environment waited twice as long
(12 minutes) as those in the unreliable environment. The results confirmed that
children make decisions based on not what is true, but what they believe is
true in the world.
So the real question is, how long would you wait for a
marshmallow?
Resources
Stanford
marshmallow experiment
Rational
Snacking
New
Version of Classic Marshmallow Experiment
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