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Roger's Equations

This blog features weekly an equation, formula, or constant that occurs frequently in Engineering or Science. I will try to present the subject matter in a nonformal, conversational style that can be easily followed. Criticism and corrections are encouraged, as are suggestions for future discussions.

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6 comments

Quadratic Formula and Cubic Formula

Posted September 19, 2006 12:51 PM by Roger Pink

Often times we use formulas without any idea where they came from. Today I'm going to show where the general solution to the Quadratic Equation comes from.

A quadratic equation is an equation of the form:

ax2+bx+c=0

This equation has solutions in the form of:

A Cubic equation is an equation of the form:

ax3+bx2+cx+d=0

This Equation has solutions in the form of:

There is also a Quartic Equation that can be solved, the solutions are complicated to say the least and beyond the scope of this blog. The Quintic Equation and Higher Equations don't have a nice formula for the solutions.

Today I'm just interested in showing where the solution for the Quadratic Equation comes from. You may find remembering the derivation for the formula is easier then the formula itself.

So, we start with the Quadratic Equation:

ax2+bx+c=0

The first step is to multiply both sides of the above equation by 1/a

Next we subtract c/a from both sides

Next we want to complete the square so we add b2/4a2 to both sides

Which is equal to

Next we take the square root of each side

Finally we subract b/2a from both sides

So our final solution is

Notice that there are two solutions to the Quadratic equation. The + solution and the - solution from the formula above. A Cubic equation will have three solutions, a Quartic equation will have four solutions, etc.

If you're interested, here is some of the history of the Quadratic Equation.


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Guru
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#1

Re: Quadratic Formula and Cubic Formula

09/20/2006 6:47 AM

This brought back memories of my engineering-school days, where were shown how to calculate the quadratic equation's roots on a slide-rule with the minimum number of 'slides' of the rule.

First write the equation so that the coefficient of x equals 1 (actually dividing both sides by a), i.e.,

x^2 + px + q = 0, where p = b/a and q = c/a.

The two roots are then:

x = -(p/2) ± √[(p/2)^2-q]

The √[…] means square root - sorry, did not have an equation editor handy.

The trick lies in having (p/2) twice and q on its own.

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#2
In reply to #1

Re: Quadratic Formula and Cubic Formula

09/20/2006 9:23 AM

Cool point, I like simple disscusions that could have complicated answers. Another question is which equation suits which data set "best". These may not be the standard forms accepted by the respective science field for publication and are therefore overlooked. I havent bothered with the science of arithmetic since I discovered TK Solver, MathCad and , CurvExpert. I quess it is because that far beyond being curious about arithmetic, I jealously gaurd my time so that family and football can be important to me. Arithmetic for the sake of arithmetic is as consuming and productive as playing games on the internet. This is a handy tool for pump calibration and is best solved using TK Solver.

GPM=

(A*(RPM/RD))-((B*L^C)*((RD/RPM)^((2*C)-1)))

RD= Design RPM

RPM= Actual Pump RPM L= Static Head ("Lift")

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#3
In reply to #2

Re: Quadratic Formula and Cubic Formula

09/20/2006 10:18 AM

You wrote:

"Arithmetic for the sake of arithmetic is as consuming and productive as playing games on the internet."

I'm not sure what you mean by Arithmetic for the sake of arithmetic, but I'm with you on Football. The reason I learn derivations is so I know what I"m talking about. It's been my experience that it takes the real world about 5 minutes present a problem your software can't handle. If you understand where the formula came from in the first place, or the math behind a computer program, you can more often than not figure out a work around.

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#6
In reply to #1

Re: Quadratic Formula and Cubic Formula

09/18/2007 10:29 PM

Its algbra of first grade in middle school. you hve several solutions method except above mehod.

if you want to solve it with slide rule. it will use Weda therom. the roots can be read easily on the rule scale.

My slide rule still sleeps in somewhere of my room.

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#4

Re: Quadratic Formula and Cubic Formula

09/26/2006 2:01 PM

Hi Roger

As a curiosity, here is a variant of the cubic equation solution you gave. I've used this algorithm to solve a cubic equation for the turning points of an elliptical orbit around a black hole.

This is a box in a chapter named "Orbital equations" on my website and eBook Relativity 4 Engineers.

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#5

Re: Quadratic Formula and Cubic Formula

03/24/2007 4:01 AM

Cubic Equations.

I was taught a solution using trig identities which worked fine for my purpose (and had the bonus that I could follow its derivation ).However it fell down (at least for me !) with (-1)0.5. I later found another method which worked well in all case (I don't think it was a re-arrangement of the method you quote) , though no derivation was given. Are ther any neat tricks to get around the 'nasty' roots with i ?

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