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On this day in engineering history, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 - the world's first artificial satellite. On October 4, 1957, an R-7 rocket blasted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam, Kazakhstan. Its payload, Sputnik 1, was a basketball-sized sized spacecraft that weighed 183 lbs. Sputnik carried two radio transmitters and four, whip-like antennas while traveling in an elliptical orbit some 250 km above the Earth. Temperature and pressure were encoded in the duration of radio beeps. An analysis of these signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere.
The success of Sputnik 1 stunned observers in the United States and caused the American public to worry about the Soviet Union's military capabilities. This concern intensitifed with the November 3 launch of Sputnik 2 and its payload of Laika the dog. Some of America's best space scientists joined the Special Committee on Space Technology, and by the end of January 1958, the U.S. had successflully launched it's own satellite - Explorer 1. Ultimately, Sputnik 1 led to the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
See also: Remembering Sputnik and Sputnik 1 Returns.
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