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August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

Posted August 08, 2008 10:16 AM by Moose

During the late 1970s, heavy snow and rainfalls raised groundwater levels in the Love Canal neighborhood of Niagara Falls, New York. As water pooled above an old toxic-waste dump, the nearby LaSalle Expressway obstructed the flow of runoff to the nearby Niagara River.

Eventaully, 55-gallon drums with benzene and dioxin began to surface. Ponds and other standing waters became contaminated. For homeowners who lived closest to Hooker Chemical's old dumping grounds, evidence of a problem was inside. Basement walls oozed and noxious chemicals filled the enclosed, indoor air. Sump pumps that were designed to remove water were no match for chemical corrosion.

Deniable, Not Liable

In 1978, a neighborhood mother began to wonder if her children's recurring health problems were caused by these mysterious substances. Lois Gibbs, the 26-year old president of the Love Canal Homeowners' Association, launched a door-to-door campaign to demand the cleanup of the 99th Street School, which had been built directly above the old Hooker landfill. City officials toured the site, but failed to act.

Gibbs met resistance on several other fronts. Occidental Petroleum, Hooker Chemical's corporate successor, argued that the neighborhood's alleged health problems were unrelated to buried chemicals - and that residents couldn't prove these chemicals came from Hooker's disposal site anyway. Middle-class homeowners feared the worst, but worried that they lacked the financial resources for a prolonged legal battle. Some resigned themselves to selling their homes at loss.

The Power of the Press

During the summer of 1978, the Niagara Falls Gazette followed Gibbs' lead and ran the first of several stories about toxic waste at Love Canal. Subsequently, the New York State Department of Health held hearings in which residents described how children were unable to play in their backyards because the soil burned the bottoms of their feet.

On August 1, the New York Times ran a page-one story about the old Hooker landfill, bringing the matter to national attention. A day later, the New York State Department of Health recommended the relocation of pregnant women and young children who lived in the neighborhood. Then, on August 7, 1978, President Jimmy Carter declared a federal emergency at Love Canal.

This was the first time that federal emergency funds were approved for an event other than a natural disaster.

A First-Hand Account

Sadly, the Love Canal tragedy continued, as angry residents fought to convince skeptical government officials. Still, some scientists were sympathetic. Eckardt C. Beck, a district administrator for the U.S. Environmental Administration (EPA) from 1977 to 1979, toured Love Canal soon after the New York Times story broke. In January 1979, he wrote the following in an article for the EPA Journal.

"Corroding waste-disposal drums could be seen breaking up through the grounds of backyards. Trees and gardens were turning black and dying. One entire swimming pool had been had been popped up from its foundation, afloat now on a small sea of chemicals. Puddles of noxious substances were pointed out to me by the residents. Some of these puddles were in their yards, some were in their basements, others yet were on the school grounds. Everywhere the air had a faint, choking smell. Children returned from play with burns on their hands and faces."

Author's Note: Click here for Part 1 of this story. "On This Day" in Engineering History will continue its coverage of Love Canal to commemorate other significant dates.

Resources:

http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/Pre_96/December95/638.txt.html

http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/specialcollections/lovecanal/about.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal

http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lovecanal/01.htm

http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2008/08/07/2008-08-07_the_lessons_of_love_canal_lost_unless_su.html

http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/nature/lovecanal.html


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#1

Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/08/2008 11:00 AM

I am the type of person who is generally pretty critical of how much our government should do to "protect" us. Saying that, it's completely baffling that the situation at the Love Canal was allowed to happen. Even more so that the problem was just cast aside for so long! This is the type of situation where the government actually should step in, but didn't.

I'm especially disappointed that government officials, who are supposed to "serve & protect" citizens, didn't act immediately even after hearing stuff like this:

Everywhere the air had a faint, choking smell. Children returned from play with burns on their hands and faces.

*Shakes head* People shouldn't have to fight so hard just to live their lives.

Very interesting and informative articles - thanks, Moose!

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#2
In reply to #1

Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/08/2008 3:36 PM

I had a read of the articals and realized that I had been to the Falls in 76 as a kid! It makes no sence at all that the Government knew about it, the school board knew all about it, and even the chemical company made them sign a disclaimer stating that it was a toxic dump, but they kept on building and exposing the kids to those toxins! It makes me wonder what was going on in the heads of these people!

Yes, thanks for that Moose! An eye opener

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#3
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/08/2008 7:51 PM

Why is it not painfully obvious:

The "Big Brother Gov? holds the average TAX Payer in very low esteem. I mean this pattern is repeated through out each and every facit of our lives.

Take a hint guys, if you are not on the top of the pile here, you have no value:

Geese, how many buildings do you have to be hit with?????

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#4
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/09/2008 4:30 AM

Yup you got it right there brother...after all we are expendable...
The poorer they are the faster they'll breed new suckers . They are even daft enough to buy into all that Catholic crap which makes 'em breed more cannon fodder even quicker....
Get back to work! Keep the trough full for the pigs at the top of the pile to gorge on.

I'm sure some will find this view offensive... but then the truth isn't very nice.

Del

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#5
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/09/2008 9:47 AM

You mean...we wuz...misinformed? They told us... the pigs at the top... were...angelic! Lied to...again!

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#15
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/14/2008 4:11 AM

Truman Brain wrote "It makes me wonder what was going on in the heads of these people!"

Not very much judging from the way things developed.

I've been on both sides of the education debate having worked as a teacher and as a private contractor for the state board of Ed.

In my experience, many of the school boards are populated by ignorant people. Many, especially in the poorer neighborhoods, don't even have a high school diploma. Yet they make decisions that have enormous consequences for students and teachers.

When these people get elected they choose administrators and make policy decisions that the administrators and teachers must carry out.

Given some of my experience, I am hardly going to defend teachers or boards of education either. Some are conscientious, dedicated and work hard. Many are not.

Politics and self interest dominate too many school boards. Add the element of ignorance mentioned earlier and it becomes clear why so many students in third world nations are outperforming our students academically.

There is much, much more to this than poisoned soil and water and lots of blame to go around.

Don't expect anyone to assume even part of the responsibility. They have the manufacturer, and it's they who have the deepest pockets. The rest is a faite accompli.

L.J.

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#16
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/14/2008 7:54 AM

But think back a century ago. The one-room school was a common feature, and a high school diploma a relative rarity. School boards of the day created cirricula alongside teachers, and the administrators were fewer and farther between. There is a possibility that an experiment in returning to the multi-grade one-room school model would be worth trying. Look at what it achieved before. The experiment in grade consolidation (what we have today) cannot be said to have achieved total success, can it?

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#6

Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/09/2008 9:48 AM

And then there was the Cuyahoga River...that's the one that kept catching fire.

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#8
In reply to #6

Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/11/2008 10:02 AM

Ah, Cleveland... my home town.

It actually caught on fire 10 times, well... that were recorded anyway.

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1642

And the one that actually gained national attention was one of the smaller ones. There is a lot of exaggeration when it comes to the river in Cleveland and I'm really glad that some had made an attempt to clarify:

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-06/cwru-msc061704.php http://www.jcu.edu/chemistry/naosmm/2007/Cuyahoga%20Revisited.htm

Some photos as well:

http://www.clevelandmemory.org/SpecColl/croe/accfire.html

In closing the Love Canal and Burning River incidents are just a snap shot of an era. All over the world you will find these types of issues; the consequences of the industrial revolution.

The main thing to realize is all improper disposal methods used across the world do not come to light until after something goes wrong. Maybe, just maybe, when they build that new Super-Mega-Store complex just down the road from where you live, they might hit something. Do you live in the next Love Canal?

Was there ever a full accounting of all waste disposal sites? Is there a map somewhere that shows what was buried under my house and who put it there? And are they just sitting on it, hoping that nothing will happen? I mean, the clay barrier idea at Love Cannel had to originate from somewhere. How many more of these site are out there that they just got lucky with.... so far?

Something to think about.

JavaHead

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#9
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/11/2008 10:29 AM

The EPA's Superfund Site list is the closest I know of to a comprehensive disposal site list. Even so, it depended on historical knowledge and truth-telling, both of which were in rather short supply, it would seem. There have been so many - Times Beach, Kettleman Acid Pits, big ones that made the news, small ones that were beneath most people's radar.

There was an automobile tire dump just outside of Los Angeles that was smouldering back in the late '80's, had been for 10 years then, still was 10 years later, may still be today for all I know. It was kind of like the coal seam fires you hear about in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but huge piles of old tires instead.

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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/14/2008 7:20 PM

In closing the Love Canal

Those families were never compensated for their loses.

Was there ever a full accounting of all waste disposal sites?

Ha! This stuff is from a time when industrialists were only interested completing projects and the margins.

I had heard years ago about many of the small rocky islands in the great lakes region being hollowed and filled without a concern of leaching into the lakes. We are playing roulette with these type unknowns.

There exist only a very few water sources on the globe today that can pass purity standards expected prior to WWII.

Sad...record left to us.

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#13
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/12/2008 8:21 AM

Hi EnviroMan,

The German clean-up of the Rhine river over the past 15-20 years or so shows the rest of us the post-industrial way forward. But the problem has shifted to new places - China has a water quality scale for its drinking water sources, where (1) is drinkable and (5) is dangerous for human health: most of their water sources are now at levels (4) and (5).

Connected to this is that fact that in 2005 alone, (6,000) Chinese-born infants, many of them with pollution-related health problems, were adopted by Americans. Many thousands more went to Western Europe and other prosperous places.

Fortunately for the kids from China, the American health care system helps them recover once they come here, but we all end up paying for this through shared health insurance premium pools.

So is a burning toxic river or Love Canal situation in China or India a problem for Americans or countries in the European Union? It might be.

-april05

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#14
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/12/2008 10:05 AM

It's a problem for all of us residents on this here mud-ball. The Rhine, the Yellow, and the Hudson Rivers all have contamination. The effects are both local and global. When it comes to disposal of waste, hazardous or not, the fact to remember is you can't throw stuff "away", there is no such place as "away". Just the farther it is from you, the closer it is to someone else. They matter too.

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#7

Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/11/2008 8:37 AM

Just after reading the Wikipedia article about birth defects that include a girl becoming deaf, having an extra row of teeth, slight retardation, etc... it is disgusting. Especially since 56% of children born between 1974 - 1978 had a birth defect. It is amazing how people can ignore things just because the problems don't readily affect them!

Perhaps "The Hills Have Eyes" wasn't so far-fetched after all (*shivers* That movie was nasty)...

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#10

Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/11/2008 3:37 PM

The important thing to realize from this episode is that Hooker adamantly refused to sell the sealed toxic dump to the School Board, over and over, until the school board pulled the old "eminent domain" trick on them. Hooker told the School Board not to break the surface of the ground below four inches. The S/B ignored them, and built the school, and sold (well, very nearly GAVE) the housing development land to a relative of a S/B member for the homes.

Hooker had disposed of the chemicals in what was then (late 40s/early 50s?) an acceptable method - with hindsight now, we know it wasn't the best way to do it, but the fact of the matter is, Hooker closed the dump, covered it with rubber sheets and topsoil and whatever else was the current science. It was the School Board and the County who wrestled the dump ground from Hooker, and then dug it up to build houses on. But who gets painted as the bad guys in 99% of all the news stories?

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#11
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/11/2008 3:43 PM

And every word of that's the truth, too! But nobody EVER respects a...Hooker...(sigh).

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#12
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Re: August 7, 1978: Toxic Tragedy at Love Canal (Part 2)

08/11/2008 4:16 PM

Thank you so much for that... I needed the good hearty laugh you just provided me.

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