During the late 1970s, heavy snow and rainfalls raised
groundwater levels in the Love Canal neighborhood of Niagara Falls, New York.
As water pooled above an old toxic-waste dump, the nearby LaSalle Expressway
obstructed the flow of runoff to the nearby Niagara River.
Eventaully, 55-gallon drums with benzene and
dioxin began to surface. Ponds and other standing waters became contaminated. For homeowners
who lived closest to Hooker Chemical's
old dumping grounds, evidence of a problem was inside. Basement
walls oozed and noxious chemicals filled the enclosed, indoor air. Sump pumps
that were designed to remove water were no match for chemical corrosion.
Deniable, Not Liable
In 1978, a neighborhood mother began to wonder if her
children's recurring health problems were caused by these mysterious
substances. Lois Gibbs, the 26-year old president of the Love Canal Homeowners'
Association, launched a door-to-door campaign to demand the cleanup of the 99th Street School,
which had been built directly above the old Hooker landfill. City officials toured the site, but failed to act.
Gibbs met resistance
on several other fronts. Occidental Petroleum, Hooker Chemical's corporate successor,
argued that the neighborhood's alleged health problems were unrelated to buried chemicals - and
that residents couldn't prove these chemicals came from Hooker's disposal site anyway.
Middle-class homeowners feared the worst, but worried that they lacked the
financial resources for a prolonged legal battle. Some resigned themselves
to selling their homes at loss.
The Power of the
Press
During the summer of 1978, the Niagara Falls Gazette followed Gibbs' lead and ran the first of
several stories about toxic waste at Love Canal.
Subsequently, the New York State Department of Health held hearings in which
residents described how children were unable to play in their backyards because the soil burned the bottoms of their feet.
On August 1, the New
York Times ran a page-one story about the old Hooker landfill, bringing the
matter to national attention. A day later, the New York State Department of
Health recommended the relocation of
pregnant women and young children who lived in the neighborhood. Then,
on August 7, 1978, President Jimmy Carter declared a federal emergency at Love Canal.
This was the first time that federal emergency funds were approved for an event
other than a natural disaster.
A First-Hand Account
Sadly, the Love
Canal tragedy continued, as angry residents fought to convince skeptical government
officials. Still, some scientists were sympathetic. Eckardt C. Beck, a district
administrator for the U.S. Environmental Administration (EPA) from 1977 to
1979, toured Love
Canal soon after the New York Times story broke. In January
1979, he wrote the following in an article for the EPA Journal.
"Corroding waste-disposal drums could be seen breaking up
through the grounds of backyards. Trees and gardens were turning black and
dying. One entire swimming pool had been had been popped up from its
foundation, afloat now on a small sea of chemicals. Puddles of noxious
substances were pointed out to me by the residents. Some of these puddles were
in their yards, some were in their basements, others yet were on the school
grounds. Everywhere the air had a faint, choking smell. Children returned from
play with burns on their hands and faces."
Author's Note: Click here for Part 1 of this story. "On This Day" in Engineering History will
continue its coverage of Love
Canal to
commemorate other significant dates.
Resources:
http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/Pre_96/December95/638.txt.html
http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/specialcollections/lovecanal/about.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal
http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lovecanal/01.htm
http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2008/08/07/2008-08-07_the_lessons_of_love_canal_lost_unless_su.html
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/nature/lovecanal.html
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