On this day in engineering history, the Galveston Hurricane
of 1900 made landfall at Galveston, Texas, battering the Gulf Coast
city with winds of 135 mph and claiming between 6,000 and 12,000 lives. Over one
hundred years later, the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 is still the deadliest
storm to strike the United
States. Now rated a Category 4 storm on the
Saffir-Simpson Scale, the Great Galveston Hurricane occurred at a time when
tropical storms weren't named and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) did not
yet exist. Herbert Saffir and Bob Simpson, the civil engineer and meteorologist
who developed the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale in 1971, hadn't even been born.
Isaac Cline - Villain
On that fateful day in September 1900, Galveston's most important meteorologist was Isaac
Monroe Cline, the chief of the U.S. Weather Service Bureau there. Sometimes branded
a villain, Cline once encouraged local resistance to plans to build a protective
seawall around the city. As the Tennessee-born meteorologist wrote in an 1891
article for the Galveston Daily News,
such a structure was unnecessary because a hurricane with massive strength
would never strike the island. In the years that followed, sand dunes along Galveston's shore were reduced
to fill low-lying areas of the city. Meanwhile, Cline spent considerable time studying how weather affected human health.
Isaac Cline - Hero
Isaac Cline's life was changed forever on September 8, 1900,
when the Great Galveston Hurricane claimed the life of his pregnant wife and
the lives of thousands of his fellow Galvestonians. According to two-hour documentary
called "Isaac's Storm" that aired on the History Channel in 1999, Isaac Cline ignored
verbal accounts of an incoming storm and refused to issue reports about a
hurricane. Later, armed with his barometer, the meteorologist rode on horseback
across Galveston
to warn his fellow citizens. In the decades that followed, Isaac Cline would further
redeem himself by studying the science of tropical cyclones, writing textbooks
and publishing papers that experts used until the technology of air reconnaissance
became commonplace after World War II.
Resources:
http://www.1900storm.com/storm/index.lasso
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Hurricane_of_1900
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_Hurricane_Scale
http://www.tngennet.org/monroe/cline.htm
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