On this day in engineering history, the U.S. Navy lost what
Mechanical Engineering Magazine once
called "the most advanced submarine in the world", a ship "with a destructive
power unequaled by the Navy's entire submarine force in World War II." The USS
Thresher (SSN-593), the lead ship in a class of nuclear-powered attack
submarines, was lost at sea during deep-diving tests some 800 miles east of Boston, Massachusetts.
Ultimately, the loss of the Thresher and the deaths of the 129 men aboard led
the Navy to develop better deep-sea submersibles for search-and-rescue
operations.
The Thresher and the Skylark
On April 10, 1963, the USS Thresher rendezvoused with the USS
Skylark, a submarine rescue vessel, before slipping beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. While diving towards its maximum
serviceable depth of 1000 feet, Thresher radioed Skylark about a "minor problem".
After ten long minutes of radio silence, Skylark received a garbed message ending
with the words "test depth". The last sounds transmitted over Thresher's
acoustic microphone were the groans of a doomed ship. While exceeding her
maximum test depth, Thresher had imploded.
A Violent Spray of Water
Months later, a naval review board concluded that the
failure of a segment in the piping system was responsible for the loss of the
USS Thresher. As Admiral Grenfell explained in the March 1964 issue of the U.S.
Naval Institute's Proceedings, "The casualty must have occurred when the
ship was at or near test depth, which subjected the interior to a violent spray
of water and progressive flooding. In all probability, water and spray shorted
out vital electrical circuits, causing a loss of propulsion power. The Thresher
presumably blew main ballast, started to rise, and began to sink. Shortly thereafter,
she undoubtedly exceeded her collapse depth and plunged to the bottom."
Fittings and Fundamentals
So what part of the Thresher's piping system failed? Was it
an improperly bonded silver-brazed pipe fitting? Only pipes greater than four
inches in diameter were welded. Smaller pipes, such as those found in the submarine's
engine room, were joined by a silver ring inserted between the two ends. Or did
the USS Thresher fail because of far more fundamental errors in its design? As James L. McVoy, a former submariner and editor
of the Naval Engineering Journal explained, "When the Navy tried to determine
the cause of Thresher's loss we found so many things wrong it was almost a good
thing we didn't know what happened."
Resources:
http://www.subsim.com/ssr/thresher.html
http://navysite.de/ssn/ssn593.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thresher_(SSN-593)
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