A proposed hydropower scheme is found by measurement to have a gross head of 20m. The flow rate at which this gross head was measured was 1.3 m3/s. The length of the penstock is calculated to be about 400m and its diameter will be 1m. The penstock friction factor is 0,027. This hydropower scheme will have also a trash rack. The area of the trash rack will be 3 m2 and has the following characteristics:

- Thickness of the trash rack bars = 10 mm

- Spacing of the trash rack bars = 15mm

- K value of trash rack bars = 1,8

- Inclination of the trash rack from horizontal = 30 degrees

- Trash rack bar type is round

Assumptions

- the CO2 tax is 360 $/m3 diesel fuel

- the diesel cost is 0,70 $/l,

- the specific fuel consumption of the diesel engine is 0,5 l/kWh,

- 1 litre of diesel produces 2,65 kg of CO2

Question 1

The frictional losses in the penstock

Question 2

The turbulence losses in the trash rack

Question 3

The net head

Question 4

The most suitable type of turbine for these conditions

Question 5

The turbine efficiency at design conditions

Question 6

The hydropower plant power output at design condition

Question 7

The avoided CO2 emissions if the power plant operates 8760 h/y

Question 8

The avoided fuel costs and CO2 tax emissions per year