What's the one thing that every student all over the world, almost without exception, has in common?
Unadulterated shock and horror at the price of textbooks.
According to figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, since 1978, the cost of textbooks has risen by 812%, which is more than the increase in medical services, new home prices, and the Consumer Price Index. Yet, aside from the occasional demonstration (like the Textbook Rebellion at the University of Maryland's College Park campus), students and their parents meekly accept the costs as part of the package.
These days, the average student in the US spends $650 on textbooks per year, and they're not even buying all of the required reading material. In September 2001 Liz Dwyer cited a study by Student Public Interest Research Groups, which showed that seven out of 10 students don't buy all of the required university reading material because the books are just too expensive. She also cited findings from Student Monitor, which reported that students purchase about 77% of the required textbooks; ostensibly also because of costs.
The question is: are the costs justified?
If you're a student (or a parent), the answer is no. If you're a publisher (and possibly an author), the answer is yes.
Factors to consider
There are a lot of reasons why textbooks cost the earth; some people can even make them sound reasonable. Donald Prothero, for example, is a geology lecturer and textbook author with five books (and several revised editions) under his belt. He breaks down the textbook publishing industry for us mere mortals in a fascinating post on SkepticBlog.
To start off with, he emphasises the fact that authors do not get rich from writing textbooks. This is due to small royalty percentages, short runs, and limited demand. He also comes to the defense of booksellers, who are believed to tack on spectacular markups to make spectacular profits. Instead, Prothero says that they have to limit their markup to remain competitive; otherwise students will shop elsewhere, like online.
Which just leaves publishers, doesn't it?
Well, sort of.
It does cost a lot to make a textbook. They are usually printed on different paper to regular books, they're often irregularly sized, and they have all those colour images. Demand is also not that high, especially not in highly specialised fields, so publishers have to recover their costs with fewer sales.
Even in the relatively high-volume market (think all the 101-type textbooks for first year subjects and the books required for technical or vocational education and training), sales are only good for a couple of years, because after that we get to what many people consider the real problem: used textbooks.
Used textbooks are a poor student's lifesaver, but they're the kiss of death for publishers and authors.
So what happens?
We get revised second, third, and fourth, and twenty-fourth editions, with new introductions, addendums, and, sometimes, new material. Prothero says that in some cases, publishers put authors to work on revised editions as soon as the current edition comes off the press. And boy, do students pay for those revised editions.
So what happens?
They share, beg, steal and borrow the revised editions - which are then sold second-hand to next year's crop of new students. And the cycle continues.
Is there a way to stop the madness?
Probably not.
Many people herald ebooks and opensource as cheap (or free) solutions, but others are not convinced. This is because it's difficult to beat the handiness of physical books. For example, one problem with ebooks has to do with notes to the text. If you're working from an actual book, it's easy to flip back and forth between the notes and your place in the chapter. It's easy to quickly check an appendix. There is no flicking with an ebook, however. Sure, you can bookmark pages, but it's not the same.
Another suggestion is that the universities and lecturers themselves take more responsibility for the mess by allocating cheaper textbooks or favouring cheaper publishers. In essence, demand begins and ends with the lecturers, as they are the ones who determine the required reading material. If anyone can put the squeeze on publishers it's them.
Except that publishers often go out of their way to woo influential professors and lecturers, and where one leading academic goes, others soon follow. In this game of egos, students' budgets will come off second best.
It seems that for the time being the cycle is set to continue. Students will continue to buy and sell used textbooks because new textbooks are so expensive … and publishers will continue to release more expensive revised editions to recover the losses caused by used textbooks, with no end in sight.
image source
Editor's Note: Jemima Winslow is a lifelong student, always signing up for this diploma and that honours degree. She frequently laments the cost of textbooks, but she likes to hang on to the ones she's got, so at least she's not perpetuating the cycle.
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