Last week, my 2nd-grade daughter had her first geography test on continents, oceans and compass points. I pulled up a blank world map online and quizzed her, and as I was closing my laptop she stopped me and said I’d missed an ocean. “No I didn’t—which one?” “The Southern Ocean,” she replied, vaguely gesturing toward the area between Australia and Antarctica. I was certain she was making it up, but sure enough her study guide had it labeled, and Wikipedia confirmed that there is indeed a Southern Ocean.
For whatever reason, I never learned about the Southern Ocean’s existence in school. And a cursory Google search proved that I’m not alone. A few news articles revealed that some secondary-school teachers—many of whom have recently been re-educated on hydrography by trainers—never learned about it either. After poking around a few more authoritative sites I began to realize that naming, delineating, and simply accepting bodies of water is more difficult than I’d thought.
According to NOAA, there is one global ocean divided into five geographical regions: the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern. The former three are the “major” defined oceans. The Southern Ocean was informally named during James Cook’s 1772 circumnavigational voyage, and the UK’s 1834 South Australia Act referred to the waters south of Australia by that name. The 1928 book Limits of Oceans and Seas basically defined it as the waters between Africa, Australia, Antarctica and New Zealand, but later editions of the same book removed the ocean altogether (essentially because it was hard to define) and extended the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans southward to cover the gap.
Contested oceans are disputed for a few different reasons. In the case of the Southern Ocean, Antarctica’s pack ice is constantly in flux, making the ocean’s limits impossible to pin down. Because oceans are also global bodies of water that border multiple countries, not all nations agree on an ocean’s limits or even its existence. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the publisher of Limits of Oceans and Seas, consists of 68 member countries and attempted to nail down the Southern Ocean’s naming and limits in 2000. Its voting members elected to retain the name “Southern Ocean” over “Antarctic Ocean” but could not agree on a northern limit.
The IHO issued the fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas to its members in 2002, but sea naming disputes among member nations have kept it from official publication. The Southern Ocean’s official status remains a toss-up between nations and organizations—the United States and Encyclopaedia Britannica have recognized its existence since 2000 but the National Geographic Society hasn’t until quite recently, for example. The Southern Ocean problem isn’t the main one delaying the IHO’s publication, however: the heated squabbling between South Korea and Japan over the name of the body of water separating them is the primary point of concern for the IHO. Also, around 60 seas have been renamed since 2002 anyway, so even if the IHO agrees on any naming convention they’ll have to redo the edition altogether.
Maybe the IHO should end the madness and just call the whole thing Big Salty Water? That’d be my vote, anyway.
Image credit: Hogweard / CC BY-SA 3.0
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