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Dogs Recognize Family Members

Posted April 23, 2012 10:21 AM by SavvyExacta
Pathfinder Tags: dogs kinship recognition siblings

After four months apart, my English setter Freckles was reunited with her mother and sister. They sniffed noses for about five seconds and immediately began to play. They ran and wrestled outdoors as if they'd never been separated. I was curious - do dogs recognize family members?

A study from the Cornell University College of Veterinary medicine showed that dogs likely recognize family members. They prefer to approach littermates to strange dogs. This is true even if the littermates have been separated for months.

Kinship Recognition

The ability to differentiate between a close genetic relative and a non-relative is known as kin recognition. Studies have shown two theories of how animals recognize relatives:

  • Recognition gene
  • Experiential mechanism

There is no evidence to suggest that recognition is based on genes in mammals. Most studies show that kin in dogs are recognized by various factors depending on the relationship. For example, mothers might use different cues to recognize their offspring than siblings would to recognize one another.

Recognition may be based on phenotypes (observable characteristics). The Cornell study showed that dogs are friendliest to others with a similar genome - which can translate to coloring. The English setters in my example are obviously visually different from the beagle that was also wandering around. It's likely that animals can learn the phenotypes of relatives early on in life.

Some species use olfactory (scent) cues to differentiate relatives from strangers. Mothers are often able to identify their offspring within a short period of time by learning their scent. One study showed that puppies recognize littermates and prefer them to other pups. It seems likely that the chemical cues of smell play a role in recognition between animals that spend so much time together before they can even see.

Kin Selection

Kin recognition can help ward off inbreeding. This theory was confirmed in certain plants that will not be fertilized by a gene-sharing plant. Recognition may also contribute to the survival of the animal's relatives. Familiar, related animals may warn each other of danger (ensuring survival), provide preferential treatment in the form of food or behaviors, or even help each other find mates.

So did my dog recognize her family? The three setters almost completely ignored the beagle that was also in the yard. It's true that she's older and was more interested in sniffing than playing, but she didn't get a second glance after the three relatives were reunited. Freckles, my dog, played much more than she usually does. I'm pretty sure they recognized each other but it's probably worth a few more visits in the future to observe them. Until then, maybe they can learn to use texting as a way to keep in touch!

Resources:

People for Animals: Animals can Recognize their Family Members

PLOS One: Odor-Based Recognition of Familiar and Related Conspecifics: A First Test Conducted on Captive Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)

PubMed.gov: Developmental aspects of kin recognition. (Abstract)

Walk the Dog: The methods dogs use to communicate with their own species

Wikipedia: Kin recognition

Wikipedia: Kin selection

woofreport: Dogs Can Sniff Out Family From Friends

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#1

Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/24/2012 12:22 PM

Recognize? More than that, I think.

This reminds me of a film I saw years ago about the reuniting of elephants. It is from the PBS, Nature broadcast, in 2000, called, "Urban Elephants." Quite moving. They've dealt with elephants in a couple of other broadcasts: "Unforgettable Elephants," and "Echo, An Elephant to Remember." I can't find a place to watch the entire videos online. But there are different segments on YouTube.

There have been a number of books written about the "emotional" lives of animals. One author, whose books about the subject I have enjoyed, is Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson. And this video reminds me of the first one I read, "When Elephants Weep."

Assigning emotions to animals is still controversial, but any dog or cat owner (or any pet owner, as many animals can be pets) would say animals do have emotions, whether or not they are exactly like ours or expressed the same. People who have had pigs as pets, for instance, become just as attached to them as one would a dog or a cat, and say they are just as intelligent, etc., if not more. -- and likely feel just as sad when they lose them.

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#4
In reply to #1

Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/24/2012 7:29 PM

I just noticed that the first video link was missing. And editing the post is no longer available.

The first post should read: This reminds me of a film I saw years ago...

sorry for the mishap. I intended it to be viewed first.

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#7
In reply to #1

Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/25/2012 9:59 AM

I saw the Echo story a few months back. It was definitely interesting to watch the family relationships between the elephants. Looks like you can view it here: http://video.pbs.org/video/1616077152/

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#8
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Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/25/2012 12:18 PM

Yes, elephants are interesting. So are all animals. I always tried to watch Nature when I could. I might even have taped "The Urban Elephant" when it aired, but finding the videotape -- as that is the medium I was using at the time -- might be a bit of a chore; I didn't label my tapes well.

So many animals are interesting when interacted with, as if they matter. Many here may remember how dolphins became the fascination during the '70s. Chimpanzees and gorillas have been put on the map by Ms. Goodall and Ms. Fossey, respectively. Crows are very interesting. Parrots, too. I find most animals interesting. I try to interact with them whenever possible. In the semi-wild (such as squirrels and birds in parks or parking lots, etc.), they are taken back a bit, that one of the strange forms that usually ignores them, suddenly gives them attention. It's probably the influence of partially reading the book, "Dr. Doolittle," in elementary school. Great name for the character, by the way.

Dr. Edward Wilson has had a life-long fascination with ants. I stalked used book stores for years before finding this book at a reasonable price. But I finally did. (It was around $60 when I first saw it in a bookstore... way more than I was allowed to spend on a book -- especially about ants.

The clip I forgot to link properly in my first post, I think, resonates with any heart.

I found out last night that that episode of Nature will be available May 8. It's a bit pricey, but it's a poignant tale and should be available.

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#9
In reply to #1

Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/27/2012 2:34 PM

Controversial?

I don't think so.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAbCyA2rbxM

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#2

Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/24/2012 3:05 PM

They recognize their humans, too.

I was away from my Great Dane for over a year. When I walked in the door he went wild and nearly knocked me to the floor with his greeting.

He was large enough to sit upright on our couch with his rump and his front paws on the floor. He'd then put his chin on your shoulder and look at you, waiting for a scratch.

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#3
In reply to #2

Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/24/2012 5:04 PM

Yes. They aren't the little (or big) "machines" some still think.

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#5

Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/25/2012 9:42 AM

They not only recognise their own family members they can also recognise members of their "human" family, even when they haven't met them.

My mother was from a large family living in Appleby (-in-Westmorland). During the war (WW2) one of her sisters went off to join the army. The family subsequently got a pet dog which after about six months one of them lost in the nearby town of Penrith (about 12 miles away). A few weeks later the older sister was coming home: she got the train to Penrith and was getting the bus back to Appleby when a dog she did not know latched onto her; she couldn't stop it getting on the bus with her, and, it followed her all the way home.

Of course everyone was very happy to see the dog again.

The asumption was that the dog recognised a family smell.

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#6
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Re: Dogs Recognize Family Members

04/25/2012 9:48 AM

That is quite a story. Interesting.

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