Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin of Apollo 11 fame sparked off the lunar laser ranging experiments in 1969 when they installed a corner-cube prism (or retro-reflector) array on the surface of the Moon. Later, Apollo 14 and 15 installed two more retro-reflectors on different areas of the Moon. The Russian missions Luna 17 and 21 also 'parked' retro-reflectors on the Moon as part of the unmanned Lunokhod rovers.
The New Apollo
Over the years, the accuracy of laser ranging of the Moon has steadily increased to a (2005) best value of about 2 mm. This is an incredibly small error over a distance averaging at 384000 km! Now there is a new measurement underway with a design aim of sub-millimeter errors – the objective is to be an order of magnitude better than previous measurements. It is aptly named APOLLO, (for Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation), utilizing the 3.5-meter telescope at Apache Point in southern New Mexico.
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