When I was in college, this would have been in the late '70s, one of my professors was involved in a government program to develop integrated vacuum tubes - essentially small vacuum tubes with hundreds of elements built with integrated circuit technology. The idea was that vacuum tubes, unlike semiconductors, are largely immune from radiation, the kind you would get in a nuclear war.
I wonder if anyone has any personal experience with these? I understand (from Google) that there is renewed interest in them these days.