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SSR and bistatic radar tracking systems

11/25/2009 1:44 PM

I don't entirely understand SSR and bistatic radar, so I'm hoping someone can tell me, whether any of the data listed below is contrary to the hypothesis that the burst signal in question is (1) a tracking or data collection application, similar or the same as SSR, and (2) used as a "bistatic" system by several parties at different locations, for positional information. As I understand it, SSR involves a query signal to a tracking or status polling device on the target, which elicits a data signal of varying strength in response; while bistatic radar is an application using multiple query signals from different locations to produce precise positional information by triangulation. If my loose definitions of "SSR" and "bistatic radar" are incorrect, a GA vote goes to the person who provides the correct definition.

I realize this is a long multi-part question (sorry again) so my GA vote will be awarded (1) to any post that correctly identifies any single item or combination of items in the list of data as positively disproving either or all of SSR, bistatic radar, or tracking application in the hypotheses and (2) to a post from someone who has the expertise to positively state that none of this data rules out either or all of SSR, bistatic radar, or tracking application hypothesis, as long as this is not contradicted by a verifiable disproof identified by another respondent. (3) If anyone can positively identify the signal as something other than a tracking application this too will receive a GA vote. Navigation radars and nav beacons have been ruled out by the maintainers and users of the same in the area in question.

Many thanks to anyone with the patience and interest to read this long post and contribute to the discussion.

  1. Signal Characteristics: The single burst has a consistent repeat rate of 4.82 seconds, a single burst width of .04 seconds, and 28 constituent pulses in the burst that are amplitude and waveform-variable individually and in groups of four. The transmission frequency is between 1 Ghz and 3 Ghz. Bistatic – described in the second part, below..
  2. Geographic Reception: The signal is received in the presence of the hypothetically 'tracked person' over a wide area. The signal is routinely suppressed, absent, or else inaudible due to competing signals in a few specific places in the monitored area, (eg industrial urban area, university) and is routinely present in the majority of locations (rural roads, residential areas, non-industrial urban). The signal has on rare occasions been absent or has abruptly ceased, in a place and on the person where it is documented to be routinely present. The signal was not received by a third party using the same receiver, in an area where it is routinely present, when the hypothetically 'tracked person' was absent (one occasion - inconclusive).
  3. Amplitude: The strength of the received signal on the hypothetically 'tracked' target varies in a moving vehicle over varied terrain. It is clear and present under foliage. Signal strength has been seen to vary significantly in a fixed position, from burst to burst, but in most of the fixed location data, the amplitude appears constant. Outside the usual monitored area the signal has been found to be very weakly present on several occasions, but strongly present on other occasions. For SSR, would it be correct to conclude that loud and clear burst signals indicate that a 'query' signal source is near, vs weaker when query is weak and/or distant? Or is SSR disproven by the data.
  4. Directionality: The signal appears to be multidirectional, that is, received signal may be weaker or stronger depending on where the antenna is pointed, but the apparent direction of strong signal is sometimes varying or inconsistent, especially indoors (bouncing?). On the move, direction may appear to change periodically for no apparent reason, or dramatically (eg after pulled over to let cars pass). I realize in reviewing this that the documentation of directionality is poor, in addition to its being confusing. Would clear documentation of apparent directionality provide a means to disprove the hypothesis, or not?

Bistatic radar/ tracking:

1. Multiple bursts adjacent to or overlapping one another suggest a "bistatic radar" application. The idea is that the 'burst' is being elicited by multiple query sources in a network that is used for triangulation. Where multiple bursts are present, they all follow the established repeat rate, and are close to one another (possibly overlapping?) but not simultaneous.

2. The single burst form is usual at the fixed location of the target's home. However, double or multiple bursts have also been documented at this location. Double or multiple bursts are routinely observed while mobile on the road or at distant locations. At one specific fixed location, there are always (on a limited number of monitorings) two bursts just far enough apart to be heard distinctly as two, suggesting a pair of fixed transmitters.

3. In several instances in the multiple burst documentation, a distinctly shorter burst signal of similar form is found to precede the usual burst or multiple bursts of width .04 s. The usual signal contains 28 distinct pulses which vary in amplitude individually within apparent groups of four, changing from pulse to pulse irrespective that the target is stationary. The "cub" signal shown below just preceding the 'bear' has only ? 7 pulses within the burst, and no grouping is evident (maybe a reduced form of the 7X4 burst?). In most documentation where the single burst form is found, there is generally no "cub".

4. No 'query signals' have been identified in the band 3 Mhz to 3 Ghz: Other than the "cub", I have not found any identifiable signal preceding the single or double burst, that you might expect to find if there is one or more 'query' signal involved in eliciting the burst. Does the absence of (or failure to identify) a query signal invalidate the hypothesis of SSR? Anyone who can tell me something about where and what to look for in a query signal/multiple query situation (transmission frequency probabilities, expected form, where expected in the PRR sequence, other) I will vote you a GA with many thanks.

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#1

Re: SSR and bistatic radar tracking systems

11/26/2009 3:57 AM

Blimey that Q is sooo long it exceeded my allowed brevquot.
However I used to work on SSR (secondary serveillance radar) systems and it seems to me that your understanding of them is correct. They operated at 1000 Mhz ish.
The aircraft 'sees' the ssr pulses, these trigger the transponder which sends the reply pulse train which includes a code number, (certain code numbers are reseved for 'mayday' and suchlike), altitude information is coded in, which is a big advantage as primary radar doesn't give it.
Note:- It was 35 years ago when I worked on this stuff so it may well be out of date/obsolete.
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#2
In reply to #1

Re: SSR and bistatic radar tracking systems

11/26/2009 8:38 AM

Thank you Del. (sorry about the brevquot ).

I was not aware that this system was used in navigation. I have been given the impression it is mainly used to track assets on the ground.

In our area, there is a navigation radar with some similar characteristics to the signal: it has a similar pulse frequency and is transmitted in that range 1.3 Ghz. However I was informed that the pulse width is only 100 microseconds. Another knowledgeable radio expert suggested to me that the pulse width of .04 seconds is too long to be optimal for a nav application. That fits with the actual nav radar data, which uses a much shorter pulse. It would also explain the (?possible?) use of bistatic methods in the context of tracking.

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#3

Re: SSR and bistatic radar tracking systems

11/30/2009 8:19 AM

All the ATC SSR radars are using the same frequencies. 1030 MHz for questioning and the transponders of the plane are using 1090 MHz for answering.

Same airports still use the old Mode-A/C SSRs, that only ask for identity (Mode-A) and for flight level (Mode-C). Though there is a new kind of SSR (Mode-S) that can get a lot more information from the target (flight number, transponder ID, airspeed, ground speed, altitude, heading, roll angle, etc.).

Usually it is a monostatic radar with a rotating antenna. The other SSR design I know uses not two, but a lot more receiver points, some interrogator transmitters and one or two reference transmitters. These multilateration SSR radars ask for the targets one by one using their unique transponder ID.

As far as I know bistatic radar designs were only used for PSRs.

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#4
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Re: SSR and bistatic radar tracking systems

11/30/2009 6:41 PM

Thanks for the information.

The multilateration SSR sounds similar to the 'bistatic' concept but maybe a better system.

I don't know what PSR is.

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#5
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Re: SSR and bistatic radar tracking systems

12/01/2009 1:06 AM

PSR stand for primary surveillance radar. Basically the good old radar that listens for echoes. And here a good site explaining bistatic radars: http://www.radartutorial.eu/05.bistatic/bs04.en.html

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#6
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Re: SSR and bistatic radar tracking systems

12/01/2009 7:03 AM

Halando, that's an excellent site. Now that I see a clear description of how bistatic radar works, I think it is NOT a good match for the mystery signal described above. Do you agree?

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