This is a process that you will have to learn over time. There is no magic equation that handles all designs. You need to learn about NPSH, open vs. closed systems, different piping materials, VSD's, different pump types, and how to design a piping system. I would start by buying the book:
Cameron Hydraulic Data
You will also need a B&G System Syzer calculation wheel
The book will show you equivalent lengths for elbows and other fittings. You are going to calculate the total equivalent pipe length (supply and return) for each segment of the piping system. Start at the pump, and measure out to the furthest extremity of the system. Use the known GPMs in each section of pipe to find the total dynamic head (TDH) loss for the system (i.e. friction loss). You will be using the calculation wheel and the Cameron book. Once you have the TDH and the total GPM, you can select a pump.
I always fall back to ITT/B&G. They are the company that offered books, classes, seminars, and advice on pumps and piping for me. You can use an online pump selection program at the web address below. You will need to request a password. Also, you should read over the site.
What do mean by design procedure for centrifugal pumps.Are you looking for appplication point of view or doing root design engineering.
If you want to do application engineering you need to have :
1) Flow 2)Total discharge head required (Which will be given by the end user or you can visit the site and calculate) 3)Fluid properties(density soilds temperature) 4)NPSHa 5)Material of construction
These are basics you need to know when you do applications....
Regarding the design you need to study CFD for simulations.