I just completed a Quality Oversight on a rather large ERW order at a major North American Pipe Mill and found a few indications that answered some old questions that have been nagging me and offered quite a bit of insight into the whys of how things are caused.
Please review the embedded photo and share your thoughts!

The pipe in question is 24"D x 0.375"W and this coupon shows the a sample of the "black welds" that was discovered.