On this day in engineering history, a mass of mining debris
claimed the lives of 144 people in Aberfan, a Welsh village near Merthyr Tydfil. After several days of heavy rains, land
subsided at Colliery Waste Tip No. 7, one of the large piles of loose rock and mining
slag that Britain's National
Coal Board (NCB) had deposited above Aberfan on the side of Merthyr Mountain.
The resulting landslide was so loud that some villagers thought a jet was about
to crash. But the "horrible nightmare" that eight-year old Gaynor Minett witnessed
was far worse.
A Long Time Coming
For nearly 50 years, excavated mining debris from the
Methryl Vale Colliery had been dumped above the village
of Aberfan, Wales. Arranged in piles or "tips",
the mining waste was layered above highly-porous sandstone that contained
underground springs. Although Aberfan authorities had long worried about the possibility
of a landslide near the village school, NBC officials remained indifferent. Local
mining managers denied that the ground near Colliery Waste Tip No. 7 contained
a spring, and the NCB itself remained without a tipping policy.
On the morning of October 21, 1966, more than 150,000 cubic
meters of water-logged waste slid down Merthyr Mountain
at a high rate of speed. Although a majority of the mass was deposited on the
lower slopes, some 40,000 cubic meters buried parts of Aberfan in a slurry 12
meters deep. The dead included 116 students who had just arrived at Pantglas Junior School (picture above).
"I could see the black out the window", Gaynor Minett later recalled.
The Tribunal of
Inquiry
On October 26, 1966, the Secretary of State for Wales, Cledwyn
Hughes, appointed a special tribunal to investigate the Aberfan Disaster. For
76 days, the inquiry interviewed 136 witnesses and examined 300 exhibits. One
of these exhibits, a March 1964 letter from D.L. Roberts, the NCB area
mechanical engineer, described plans to discontinue tipping "where it is likely
to be a source of danger to Pantglas
School". Tragically, existing
tips such as Colliery Waste Tip No. 7 were left in-place.
In its official report dated August 3, 1967, the inquiry
concluded that "the Aberfan Disaster is a terrifying tale of bungling
ineptitude by many men charged with tasks for which they were totally unfitted,
of failure to heed clear warnings, and of total lack of direction from above".
The NBC's legal liability to pay compensation was "incontestable and
uncontested", but legal recourse would not bring back Aberfan's
children.
Resources:
http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/politics/aberfan/tri.htm
http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/politics/aberfan/let4.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfan
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