Although you can't see a beetle by using Google Earth, you
can see regions of forest killed by beetles by using NASA satellites like
Landsat. The mountain pine and western
pine beetles found in western North America infest lodgepole and whitebark pine
trees. It is suggested that the warmer
temperatures of the past decade have caused an increase in the beetle
population – and a subsequent increase in dying forest. Can these areas be used to predict where fire
danger might be greater?
In 2009, Denver, Colorado forestry officials admitted they
did not have a good handle on fire prediction or
assessment. About seven million
acres of forest had been declared dead in the U.S. – with an estimated 22
million acres expected to be added within the following 15 years. (A 2010 fire in Boulder, Colorado is currently burning over 6,400
acres.)
Using Satellite
Images
So, can satellite images of beetle-damaged forests be used
to help officials predict and prepare for wildfires? A research team from the University of
Wisconsin hiked into forests to look for signs of beetle activity in order to
confirm the reason for the death of the trees.
Then, they compared the location of the beetle-damaged forest with
dead-looking forests on satellite maps and found that the large swaths of brown
forest lined up.
Satellite imagery is also used to track the progress of
ongoing fires. There are several sites
online that track fires, including InciWeb and the Active Fire Mapping Program. (Obviously, tracking by helicopter is more
real-time, but the satellite images help share the pictures globally.)
Disproving a Theory
Ecologists from Yellowstone National Park and the University
of Washington are conducting studies to determine if the beetle-forest fire
theory is true. Some of their findings
say not quite:
- Green needles are actually
fairly combustible – they contain flammable volatile oils that break down
after the needles fall off the tree and die.
- Beetles kill the trees,
causing the needles to drop off. It
is hard for a fire to start with just dead logs and no kindling.
A similar phenomenon was noted after the Yellowstone fires
of 1988 when large tree trunks were left standing after the fire burned the
needles and branches as there wasn't enough "fuel". However, the brushy re-growth from a forest
fire can act as quick fuel.
Another theory says that the warmer climate is to blame for
forest fires – not the beetles. Four ecologists
say that drought and warm weather are causing the fires and beetle outbreaks
don't add to the risk.
Resources:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100908171130.htm
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/beetles-fire.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/us/28wildfires.html
http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/09/firefighters-fear-fresh-winds-in-battling-boulder-wildfire/
http://www.gjsentinel.com/news/articles/report_climate_not_beetles_mai
http://www.climatecentral.org/library/climopedia/bark_beetle_outbreaks_may_influence_forest_fire_risk/
http://www.satimagingcorp.com/svc/forestry.html
http://www.fs.fed.us/wwetac/threats/wildfire.html
http://www.inciweb.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pine_beetle (images)
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