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The US Department of Energy (DOE) issued final rules[1] for increased efficiency levels of residential water heaters that will require the industry to move to the use of heat pumps in place of the traditional electric and gas versions.
Ruling:
The ruling will require increased efficiency levels for water heaters manufactured in or imported into the US after April 16, 2015. The previous levels for water heaters were incorporated January 20, 2004; and the new levels will certainly impact manufacturers, installers, and consumers with increased equipment and installation costs as well as space requirement complexities. The DOE, as in all cases for rulings, presented economic studies justifying the increased requirements; but, to those familiar with the business, many factors were not
considered. Here are the new Energy Factor requirements for gas and electric water heaters:
Fuel 2004 level 2015 level
Gas 0.67-(.0019*volume) 0.675-(.0015*volume) [≤55 gallons]
0.8012-(.0078*volume) [> 55 gallons]
Electric 0.97-(.00132*volume) 0.96-(.0003*volume) [≤55 gallons]
2.057-(.00113*volume)[> 55 gallons]
Comments on 2015 Energy Factor rulings:
- If one disregards the tank volume adjustments, which have very little effect on the required Energy Factor, it is easily seen that the largest impact applies to water heaters having storage volume greater than 55 gallons, whether gas or electric.
- Energy Factors for both gas and electric are essentially unchanged with the smaller (55 gallons or less) water heaters.
- The Energy Factor required for higher volume gas water heaters (greater than 55 gallons) has been increased about 19%, requiring considerable increases in insulation, package sizes, weights, and costs.
- Inasmuch as maximum Energy Factor is 100% for electric resistance heat, the higher volume electric water heaters (greater than 55 gallons) will require water heating heat pumps to meet the required levels of 2.0 or more.
According to information gleaned from DOE (Energy Star) and the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships (NEEP) reports, this will immediately increase the market for water heating heat pumps of about 500,000 units, displacing the sale of all electric water heaters in the greater than 55 gallon range. Calculations are based on:
- About 11 million water heater sales volume in 2015
- Roughly 41% are electrical at present
- About 10% of the electrical waters sold have capacities greater than 55 gallons.
According to the NEEP report, legislation will continue and the total number of water heating heat pumps should be about 50 % of all electrical units in 2020 and 100% by 2021
Federal Register /Vol. 75, No. 73 / Friday, April 16, 2010 / Rules and Regulations the US Department of Energy (DOE) issued final rules for increased efficiency levels of Residential water heaters among other items. The documentation is entitled: 10 CFR Part 430 [Docket Number EE-2006-BT-STD-0129 Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Residential Water Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters.
Editor's Note: CR4 would like to thank Dick Cawley of GEA Consulting for contributing this blog entry.
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