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New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

Posted September 25, 2013 8:00 AM by larhere

The US Department of Energy (DOE) issued final rules[1] for increased efficiency levels of residential water heaters that will require the industry to move to the use of heat pumps in place of the traditional electric and gas versions.

Ruling:
The ruling will require increased efficiency levels for water heaters manufactured in or imported into the US after April 16, 2015. The previous levels for water heaters were incorporated January 20, 2004; and the new levels will certainly impact manufacturers, installers, and consumers with increased equipment and installation costs as well as space requirement complexities. The DOE, as in all cases for rulings, presented economic studies justifying the increased requirements; but, to those familiar with the business, many factors were not
considered. Here are the new Energy Factor requirements for gas and electric water heaters:

Fuel 2004 level 2015 level

Gas 0.67-(.0019*volume) 0.675-(.0015*volume) [≤55 gallons]

0.8012-(.0078*volume) [> 55 gallons]

Electric 0.97-(.00132*volume) 0.96-(.0003*volume) [≤55 gallons]

2.057-(.00113*volume)[> 55 gallons]

Comments on 2015 Energy Factor rulings:

  • If one disregards the tank volume adjustments, which have very little effect on the required Energy Factor, it is easily seen that the largest impact applies to water heaters having storage volume greater than 55 gallons, whether gas or electric.
  • Energy Factors for both gas and electric are essentially unchanged with the smaller (55 gallons or less) water heaters.
  • The Energy Factor required for higher volume gas water heaters (greater than 55 gallons) has been increased about 19%, requiring considerable increases in insulation, package sizes, weights, and costs.
  • Inasmuch as maximum Energy Factor is 100% for electric resistance heat, the higher volume electric water heaters (greater than 55 gallons) will require water heating heat pumps to meet the required levels of 2.0 or more.
    According to information gleaned from DOE (Energy Star) and the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships (NEEP) reports, this will immediately increase the market for water heating heat pumps of about 500,000 units, displacing the sale of all electric water heaters in the greater than 55 gallon range. Calculations are based on:
      • About 11 million water heater sales volume in 2015
      • Roughly 41% are electrical at present
      • About 10% of the electrical waters sold have capacities greater than 55 gallons.

According to the NEEP report, legislation will continue and the total number of water heating heat pumps should be about 50 % of all electrical units in 2020 and 100% by 2021


Federal Register /Vol. 75, No. 73 / Friday, April 16, 2010 / Rules and Regulations the US Department of Energy (DOE) issued final rules for increased efficiency levels of Residential water heaters among other items. The documentation is entitled: 10 CFR Part 430 [Docket Number EE-2006-BT-STD-0129 Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Residential Water Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters.

Editor's Note: CR4 would like to thank Dick Cawley of GEA Consulting for contributing this blog entry.

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#1

Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/25/2013 12:09 PM

So, which large corporation (with heat-pump water heater technology) has its cronies in DC that wrote these latest regulations?

With absolutely no apologies I admit I am extremely skeptical these days about all new regulations. There is too much cronyism and corruption in the federal government, and I suspect that all new regulations are designed to favor one small powerful group of manufacturers at the expense of smaller businesses and the consumers.

I should add that when I lived in Florida I had a heat recovery device installed on my heat-pump AC system, and it provided me with 'free' hot water almost year-round by using the waste heat from the outside heat pump, and using that to heat the water in my hot water heater. During the winter months the device 'stole' some of the home-heating heat the heat pump generated to heat the water, again giving me almost free hot water. The electric heater coils in the water heater almost never were used. Best investment I ever made. But I didn't need some federal bureaucrat telling me what to do.

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#2
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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/25/2013 2:14 PM

Yep, courteousy of Samuel Clemens, "...the best gobberment that MONEY can BUY..."

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#5
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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/27/2013 1:04 AM

Usbport,

Heat pump technology for water heating has been proposed and available for decades. I doubt that anyone has a currently-enforceable patent on it.

I was a participant in the energy fairs and associations that sponsored them in the 1970's-1980's, and remember heat recovery systems for refrigerators and air conditioners back then. In those years I also saw the early forms or geothermal heating units with supplemental provision for hot water.

An engineer friend in the early 1980's ran some calculations on a standard 40 or 50-gallon electric water heater's insulation. He found that the break-even point for cost/payback was R-90. These proposed standards do not come anywhere close to that amount of insulation.

Grounds for grousing?--Yes. Valid complaints?--definitely no. Government meddling?--each one can see this differently. Net expense to consumers?--a net payback in perhaps 5-years.

--JMM

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#6
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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/27/2013 6:33 AM

There will be no payback.

I have been working in people's homes for decades now. Over 90% of them keep their hot water at almost scalding temperatures, and compensate by cranking open the cold water to cool it down.

I have an older hot water heater, and I keep it just hot enough to take a hot shower, with just a dash of cold water...about 110°-120°F...problem solved; it uses very little propane. No mandate necessary.

You know what would pay back huge dividends?

Teaching our school kids some very basic concepts of science and economics, rather than drugging them and teaching them to conform to the collective.

I would like to introduce a mandate that tells the government to stop wasting our time and money.

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#7
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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/27/2013 8:19 AM

Something else just occured to me.

Homes that were built maybe pre 1980, had water heaters that were located inside the homes, either in a laundry room or closet, which made sense, and I don't remember anyone being killed by them.

Flash forward to the government induced panic over carbon monoxide poisoning, and virtually all hot water heaters are now placed in unheated spaces, i.e.- garages and attics. So...if you live in a place that gets really cold in winter, your water heater has to fight against that cold. How's that for efficiency?

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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/28/2013 11:13 AM

"I have been working in people's homes for decades now. Over 90% of them keep their hot water at almost scalding temperatures, and compensate by cranking open the cold water to cool it down."

Yea I do it that way being I tend to need a lot of hot water for my excessively long showers and the closet my water heater in has no extra room for a larger unit.

Years ago I tried the turning the heater down bit. Problem was I ran out of hot water fairly quickly whereas the mixing excessively hot water with cold water gives me a much longer shower time.

Plus I have enough hot water available to have a my wife doing whatever she does in the kitchen plus having a the wash machine running and I still have enough hot water available for my long and most enjoyable shower!

As far as using more energy this summer I changed out the old propane powered water heater for a full electric. So far after several months of use I have seen at most a $15 a month rise in my electric bill.

I can live with that.

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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/28/2013 12:13 PM

At least you're aware of what you're doing, and why.

I looked into why all of the building contractors now put water heaters in unheated spaces, and found out that they can still put them inside, but the new codes make it too much of an expense and hassle...so they put them out in the freezing cold.

Code requires a gasketed, self closing door, for inside closets...so they said, "Screw it, lets just put them outside."

Not to mention, that most inspectors treat people in the trades like the enemy.

This is just a case of more stupid regulations, to compensate for older stupid regulations.

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#3

Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/26/2013 2:46 AM

Hope this works out better than the mandate on the type of light bulbs you have to use.

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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/26/2013 12:45 PM

Is there no end to our government meddling in our lives? Next they'll tell me I have to give up my whitie-tighties and wear boxers.

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#8

Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/27/2013 11:06 AM

What about an ON DEMAND SYSTEM? If hot water is not under a constant demand i have to wonder about the energy efficency of just electrically heating the water as used and not constantly having the hot water in a containment?

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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/27/2013 11:41 AM

I've looked into those, and I wasn't sold on them.

They're expensive, and over time they lose efficiency due to mineral buildup. If I remember right, it also takes a significant amount of energy, (gas/electric), to sustain a hot water flow, so the payback on the investment takes a long time, and they won't last as long as a conventional water heater.

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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/28/2013 7:18 PM

Ronclarke & Karamat,

My biggest objection to the demand-type (or tankless) electric water heater is the timing of when we demand to use it. The utility companies have to build their infrastructure to supply the peak demand we put on the system, which (in most of the USA) is in the late afternoon and early evening in the summer. At other times of day, particularly the night, the demand on their generating plants is much lower. With a tank-type water heater it is very easy (and becoming common) to have the heating element switched off for a few minutes or longer when the utility demand gets too high. With a tankless water heater this is not only impossible, but the electrical load is at least triple.

Study the topic of demand and usage factors and integrate this into the topic of energy efficiency. Yes, tankless water heaters use less total energy per unit of water heated and delivered to the faucet, but their net effect on the utility (and therefore ultimately on us) is to raise the costs of providing electricity.

A good alternative would be a strong push for solar heaters, which produce the most hot water at the same time as when we have the greatest desire to use it. . .

--JMM

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#13
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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/28/2013 7:36 PM

I'm just a beer swilling redneck.

During the warm months, I just lay my hose out in the yard, and shower in the driveway with a hose nozzle. Soap and rinse...it's always hot. Finish with cold.

No neighbors to speak of; and if they saw me, they would turn the other way.

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#14
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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/29/2013 12:44 AM

Kramarat,

I'm sure that you are much more than "just a beer swilling redneck". I spent 10 years living in Arkansas, and have a lot of respect for people who are sometimes so-termed. Sorry about misspelling your title in the earlier post. I've used a hose once or twice; worked pretty well also. Certainly "instant" hot water with solar power, and no fossil fuel input.

--JMM

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Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/29/2013 6:04 PM

Well, I've spent a lot of time cultivating my "beer swilling redneck" image. Please don't blow my cover.

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#15

Re: New Water Heater Regulations Will Mandate Technology Change

09/29/2013 5:52 PM

About time they require electric water heaters be energy efficient to bad its going to take until 2021 for it to happen. It took them from 2004 to now to get to this point. Government is working at warp speed.

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