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Tardigrades
Some animals are just hard to kill. Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are micro-animals that can survive extreme conditions. Whether it's almost absolute zero or 150 degrees C or pressures 6 times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches, Tardigrades persist. Even the vacuum of space and radiation levels hundreds of times higher than would kill a human won't always kill them, and they can go 10 years without food or water. Under most of the conditions just described they are basically in stasis till the environment is suitable enough for them to revive.
Tardigrades
LIFE Experiment
Tardigrades, along with some other specimens, were picked for a rather ambitious and perhaps morally questionable endeavor. The idea was to fly them to Mars' moon Phobos and back to see if they could survive the trip. The morality in question is it risks possibility of contaminating Phobos with Earth life. It doesn't matter now because the mission failed in 2011, but there are hopes to revive it.
LIFE Experiment
Here is an interesting article on the experiment:
Tough astronaut bugs to blast off for Martian moon
A ragtag group of rugged travellers is sent on a three-year round trip to a desolate moon that might be the site of a future human outpost in space.No, that's not a pitch for a reality show - it's a description of an experiment called LIFE (Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment) that is scheduled to set off for the larger of Mars's two moons, Phobos, on 8 November, from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. The travellers are not celebrities, but some of Earth's toughest organisms, including the bacterium and water bears - tiny invertebrates that can survive extreme temperatures and the vacuum of space in Low-Earth orbit.
The brainchild of the non-profit Planetary Society of Pasadena, California, LIFE will pack 10 such hardy organisms inside a container the size of a hockey puck and then hitch a ride aboard Russia's Phobos-Grunt (Phobos-Soil) spacecraft. LIFE will test an idea called transpermia, in which organisms "could be ejected off one planet in impacts, travel through space inside rocks, then be deposited on another world", says Bruce Betts, LIFE's lead scientist. Phobos-Grunt "will act as a simulated rock carrying life between planets". If the organisms survive, it would strengthen the idea that life on Earth might have come from other planets, or has travelled to other planets. Phobos lies far beyond Earth's protective magnetosphere, so LIFE should provide a glimpse of what happens when organisms are not shielded from many of the damaging charged particles from the sun and other sources. While organisms taken to the moon on Apollo missions went beyond the magnetosphere, it was only for a few days at a time. LIFE should expose its organisms to the radiation and temperatures of space for three years.
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