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Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

Posted February 18, 2009 12:01 AM by SavvyExacta

Few people have ever seen a wolf in the wild. Most of our knowledge about wolves comes from the movies, where the animals depicted are often gray members of the gray wolf (timber wolf) species. However, a recent study published in Science by a global team of biologists and molecular geneticists explains that up to 62% of wolves living in wooded areas are actually black.

Lineage of Black Wolves

Black wolves are most often found in North America while most wolves in Europe and Asia are either gray or white. In fact, the black wolves in Europe belong to a recently-hybridized group in Italy. How did black-colored wolves come to be? To find out, the DNA from 41 wolves in the Canadian Arctic and 224 more in Yellowstone National Park was compared with that of domestic dogs and coyotes.

Based on this research, scientists determined that wolves first started appearing in black about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago – some time after people began migrating to North America. These people brought their dogs with them, and it is believed that the offspring of domesticated dogs and wolves came with a genetic mutation. This mutation is what causes black coloration in wolves.

Genetic Questions

Some wildlife biologists claim that wolves vary by color depending on their hunting territory. Other scientists disagree. It doesn't seem that the animals need camouflage to protect themselves from predators or to aid in hunting. Wolves are faster than most of their prey and have the advantage of hunting in a pack.

Interestingly, the gene for black fur is part of a gene family that aids in fighting infection. Some scientists think that there may be an underlying cause for more black wolves in certain areas – the gene could help strengthen the immune system. Since black wolves are more prevalent in wooded areas (62% of populations in those locations) compared to on the open tundra (7%), it could be that the black gene helps to protect wolves from pathogens found in forests. Or, perhaps individual wolves just prefer to mate with wolves of the same color coat.

Black Fades

Black wolves do not remain black forever. They turn gray with age, just like many domesticated dogs (and humans!). This could be another indication that the gene does not exist to help with camouflage. Otherwise, the wolves would probably remain black throughout their lives.

Where are the Wolves?

The Northern Rockies (including the population in Yellowstone National Park) have about 1,300 wolves. Packs in Yellowstone usually consist of about 10 members and can be seen most frequently in the winter. Alaska is estimated to have about 7,500 to 11,000 wolves in packs ranging in size from six to 30.

Resources:

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/science/06wolves.html?_r=2

http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jv1yXsW5zF8jDpJlNPRZqJ7R9hDg

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-02/uoc--bsm020509.php

http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/02/blackwolves.html

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,488704,00.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Valley_Wolf

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#1

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 7:19 AM

Interesting, the Wolf is a wonderful animal.

I have seen several in fact, we have two living near to our house, several cyotes as well. We also get a Bear or two and lots of Moose and Deer. However the numbers are decreasing as the years go on and the city grows. havn't seen and of the big cats in years.

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#2

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 9:31 AM

I will take two in black please!

That may not be such a good idea, but I couldn't resist the temptation! It is good to know that when I see a black wolf I will know that their genes are perfect for fighting infection. However, I feel (luckily enough) that the closest I will ever come to a wolf is by petting a siberian husky. Those dogs are monsterous! Does their lineage trace back to wolves? If not, then it should be!

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#9
In reply to #2

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 7:09 PM

A wolf really is not that bad, I have been close to them, 20 yards or so, a single well fed wolf is no threat, and very curious, he would have come even closer but got spooked by a car. I had a coyote that would come right up to me and sniff about as long as I sat still. Two years back I got to within 8 feet of a Bobcat, he spooked when my photo assistant moved. The day before I tracked a mountain lion for two hours, she was very close by, I could hear her in the underbrush, but she refused to come out and have her picture taken.

In my youth i was lucky enough to see an Atlantic Panther, that one followed me down a country road for the better part of an hour, I was walking, he/she was in the woods. I stopped at a point just past a clearing and it came out into the area lit up by the full moon, what a beautiful cat, and big. It simply sat down and looked at me, so I started to talk to it. That lasted about 10 minutes and it turned and loped back into the bush. Amazing animal, and before I started to carry a camera all the time, I was only 13 at the time.

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#3

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 9:35 AM

Wolves & dogs, it makes sense! But, I am wondering why wolves and dogs in Europe and Asia haven't produced any black wolves as well - they'd have mixed here and there, wouldn't they?

It's really interesting that the breeding with dogs is the reason attributed to the black color mutation. And even more so that the mutation may be linked with a strengthened immune system. To me, it's amazing that wolves have adapted to the point where this is even possible. I can't help but think of Darwin...

"In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment."

Nice post, thanks!

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#4

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 11:32 AM

Throughout much of human history, wolves were viewed as evil. The Wolf Trust (among others) writes about this at some length. What I wonder, however, is if wolves became "demonized" - at least in part - because so many were black. There is a body of literature regarding Elizabethan England's negative attitudes towards the color black (see Shakespeare's Othello). Some of those attitudes, of course, came to America. Thoughts?

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#8
In reply to #4

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 6:58 PM

Absolutely, came over with the puritans.

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#11
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Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/19/2009 4:14 AM

Yeah; We all used to live in caves, and not that many people are afraid of the light. I'm no Plato, but I don't think it's reasonable to tag the Elizabethans with this one. A deep rooted fear of the unknown has bog all to do with negative attitudes to moorish/black/afro-american/<pc phrase of choice> people. Historically, all invading nations view the invaded as inferior and hold negative opinions of them. If African people happened to be purple, then 'purple' would get used in a derogatory fashion but we'd still have negative/fearful associations with 'black'. The Shakespearian reference muddies the waters (though I like Howlin' Wolf too), and I don't think it relates to the fear of wolves stuff.

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#5

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 3:32 PM

A friend of mine in Virginia raises Buffalo Wolves (aka Great Plains Wolf) and is one of the few people who've ever bred them in captivity. These wolves are very shy in spite of their large size (up to 110-120 pounds). I've never seen any black ones, though, even though they're a subspecies of gray (timber) wolves.

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#13
In reply to #5

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/19/2009 7:37 AM

That one's face is quite expressive! His coloring makes him look like he's smiling and his eyebrows make him look deep in thought. Despite their history as being aggressive, they are not seen by the average person in the wild. Yellowstone has many wolves and although we ventured off the heavily-populated roads for quite a bit of our trip there last summer, we did not see any wolves - even after "staking out" a buffalo carcass one night (from quite a distance, of course).

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#6

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 3:34 PM

I saw a special a few months ago about how all dogs originally came from wolves and foxes. It showed selective breeding experiments where they would take the two tamest of a group of animals and breed them together. After several generations of breeding the wolves/foxes became as friendly as dogs.

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#7

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 3:38 PM

Here is an article on a study on farmed foxes in which the aggressive behavior was breed out. http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf

I wonder now whether there are behavior changes that are also involved with this wolf population. As man has encroached on the areas in which they live. So changes would have to take place. The rancher shooting the more aggressive wolfs which prey on his live stock or the relocation of these wolfs to other areas. May have left the less aggressive wolfs to breed.

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#10

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/18/2009 11:24 PM

My dog was partly wolf it had the fur of a husky but the head of a wolf (and the demeanor of a rabbit)

Maybe that is why they have been almost hunted to extinction in Europe, because black cats & wolves are surely in league with the devil

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#12

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/19/2009 4:33 AM

During the last couple years I've seen solitary gray wolves in the U.S. of A. Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas and Michigan. Usually at night but often in daylight.

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#14

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/19/2009 10:56 AM

A book I read when young forever endeared wolves to me. It is called, "Wolf King", by J.W. Lippincott. I just checked it's availability and there were 5 (used) available from $447.17 !!!!! on Amazon.com. I'm shocked. I guess it is out of print. Anyone interested in wolves would find it an enjoyable read -- at any age. :) Check a local library.

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#15

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/19/2009 12:54 PM

Kris, thanks reading and for your comments. Here are a few responses to some of your questions on my writing.

""It doesn't seem that the animals need camouflage to protect themselves from predators or to aid in hunting"
"Maybe I missed something, but I didn't see anything to back that up in the resource links. The main predator is man, and as for hunting - have all those African lions got it wrong ?""

"Wildlife biologists don't really think that wolves rely much on camouflage to protect themselves or to increase their hunting success," said genetics professor Greg Barsh." I actually read this a few times in my research on this topic, but may not have necessarily posted all of the links. A lot of the articles were quite repetitive.

""Since black wolves are more prevalent in wooded areas (62% of populations in those locations) compared to on the open tundra (7%), it could be that the black gene helps to protect wolves from pathogens found in forests"
What ? None of the links get very specific about this pathogen protection gene.

As I read it, dogs were selectively bred from domesticated wolves. The gene for black fur in dogs was selectively encouraged, and is later re-introduced to the wolf population. Plausible, but where is the story going ? Wolves that aren't seen much don't get captured and trained as actors/grey wolves die of pathogens/wolves are easier to see in winter (!) ?"

My tie-in at the beginning about wolves in the movies is just that - a tie-in to get readers thinking. Where do most people see wolves? In the movies, not in their backyard, not in the wild. Maybe in a zoo. Until reading up on this topic I didn't know much, if anything, about black wolves, and neither did any of the people I did a quick/informal survey of regarding black wolves. I was not trying to say that gray wolves are in the movies because they are more likely to be trapped because of their coloration. I was trying to say they are what society usually pictures when they think "wolf".

Thanks for sharing the link; looks interesting but not something I have time to read today. I did my best to summarize what I thought was an interesting story for CR4's readers in 500 words, not 7,000. That's why I provide additional reading links.

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#16
In reply to #15

Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/19/2009 2:48 PM

Cheers for the feed-back, Savvy.

I wasn't really having a dig at your posting, but I was getting a bit narked at all the looping in the links (not just the ones posted). I got the impression that a single comment somewhere (about genetics/pathogens) had been re-circulated all over the net. On the bright side, it gave me a chance to explore a lot of interesting stuff about wolves. Thumbs up from me for introducing the topic. If I get a bit more time later I'll come back and give some links to info I found that was interesting, albeit not to the original discussion point, but wolf related.

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#17
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Re: Gray Wolves – Also Available in Black

02/19/2009 2:53 PM

Kris - thanks! And interesting point that I often find too. Whenever a big news story breaks, you see it everywhere, and it's often the same rendition of an AP (Associated Press) story. So if it was wrong in the original, and then repeated everywhere, that's a lot of wrongness spread everywhere! It also makes it hard to find facts that deviate from or expand from the norm. Quite frustrating sometimes, so I hear you!

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