electrical

0) Please turn off Caps Lock, as a courtesy to readers. Capitals use is considered to be shouting in the context of a forum, and can sometimes cause offence.

1) Local codes of practice.

2) Multiples of the fundamental frequency. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonics Ask an experienced guitar-player to demonstrate.

3) Industry standards.

4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_power

5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_%28device%29

6) _{<no answer posted>}

Hello Dharmendra_prp,

Please turn off your CAPS as writing in caps is considered as shouting, we request you to write your query in small letters only...Thanks.

Multiple questions in one post is not proper nor it will get you a detailed asnwer.

Keep one query at a time.

Q6. The earthing transformer is used to provide a neutral point, and provides grounding and protection from ungrounded systems ( Delta connected transformers).

Cheers,

I would to answer Q3 as most posts have answered/ explained the rest of the Q's well already!

4 to 20mA is preferred industry standard because when use the other system, 0 to 16 mA, you will have trouble troubleshooting for a "no signal" condition!

Why? Because in a 0-16mA output, a "0" reading could mean two different conditions: 1) the signal is at its lowest or 2) the lines are broken. With a 4-20 mA system, the readings you get will be 0 if broken signal wires, 4 mA if the signal is at the lowest, and 20 mA at max.

hope this helps

why can not we use 1 to 16 mAmp ?