CT or for that matter any transformer - will step down/up primary current and voltage into secondary.
Each has one rated primary and secondary current, cross this and the core saturates, coils melt.
The protection CTs are rated for only a few times of the rated current (say x10 or x20) as maximum short duration current. measurement CTs are even less.
In case your short circuit current exceeds that of CT/ or is for a relatively long duration, the CT will fail (for that matter as will any transformer or any circuit element)