Most requirements call for "full thread" that means useful thread. One method is to run a bolt into the threaded hole until it bottoms, then slowly unscrew the bolt and count the full turns and then multiply the number of turns by the pitch. another is to run the gage or bolt in and mark on the gage or bolt the location on the bolt where it bottomed out, remove the bolt and measure the distance from the mark you made to the end of the bolt.
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Be careful of what you wish for .....
Depth of thread is determined by using steel wires of known diameter, a micrometer, and either tables, or by calculating the depth using a trig. calculator
"Machinery's Handbook" devotes 18 pages to "Screw Thread Measurement." A copy is indispensable in any drafting room, machine shop, or on an inspector's work table!
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Do Nothing Simply When a Way Can be Found to Make it Complex and Wonderful
Similar to the first post, have a cap screw with a flat bottom, measure the overall length of the screw, bottom out screw in threads, measure the amount of screw sticking out with a caliper or depth micrometer, subtract difference.