This would be the answer if you would consider a steady state process.
It is a dynamic process so that the parameter to be considered is the thermal difusibility.
It takes into consideration not only the conductivity but also the capacity to accumulate (store) heat as product between "cp" and the specific mass of the insulation stuff..
As for the equations they are in almost all books about heat transfer. I use among other the Lienhard latest version (written by the son) which has the advantage to be free for downloading.
Oh, easy. Read-up on heat transfer in something like "Fundamentals of Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer" by Welty, Wicks & Wilson and apply the contents. It's a book, BTW.
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