|
This week's discussion is really an extension of last week where we discussed Battery Electric Vehicles and brings us to fuel cell powered electric vehicles.
A fuel cell is a device that can take a fuel and an oxidizing agent and by combining them produce electrical energy plus the associated waste products. Rather than me trying to explain how a fuel cell works, I will direct you to the Wikipedia article on Fuel Cells which explains the principles.
Fuel cells have the advantage over batteries in that rather than storing the energy chemically they use a supply of chemicals to produce electricity. As a result, they do not require the long recharging periods that batteries do and while the flow of fuel and oxidizer continues they will continue to produce electricity.
Fuel cells have been around for about 160 years but it wasn't until the space race in the early 1960s that they saw any real application. Fuel cells are ideal for use in spacecraft as most spacecraft already have hydrogen and oxygen available and the waste products of heat and water are all usable within the spacecraft.
When used in spacecraft fuel cell overall efficiency can reach 90% or more but this is only the case when you can use the waste byproducts of heat and water. On its own, the electrical efficiency of a fuel cell is considerably lower and when you take into account the energy spent generating, storing and transporting the hydrogen the efficiency drops dramatically. Realistic when used in road vehicles efficiency is not much better than that achieved by internal combustion engines. Unless pollution free energy sources are used to generate the hydrogen the only change is the location of the pollution and depending on the fuel source may be worse than directly burning fuels in vehicles.
Fuel cells can utilize fuels and oxidizers other than H2 and O2 and when used within the atmosphere it is common to use air as the oxidizer but the use of other fuels and oxidizers can affect the efficiency of the production of electricity and life expectancy of the fuel cell.
Read more about fuel cells:
Given that when fuel cells are used in electric vehicles, they are little, if at all, more efficient that internal combustion engines, is it worth the effort? If we don't use ecologically sound systems to generate hydrogen are we just moving the location of the pollution? What about the requirement of materials like platinum that are both expensive and in limited supply, will a greatly increased demand for it increase the price and make fuel cells uneconomic?
|