The "Refrigerant Issue" has been a key factor for the HVAC/R industry since the 1987 Montreal Protocol entered into force. Environmental awareness increased almost over night. One would think the issue would have been resolved in the 27 years of intense R & D and many millions of dollars of investments in new plants and processes to produce more environmentally friendly refrigerants.
Not the case. The clarity we hoped for can be illustrated by the following slide from a recent presentation by Emerson. Click on the slide to see it full size.
Familiar refrigerant types like R-22, 404A, 410A and 407C have a dizzying array of proposed alternatives with strange names like DR7, L40, ARM70, N40 and XP10 among others.
One can see the current trend from HCFCs and high GWP HFCs to lower GWP refrigerants forcing the industry to develop a new classification of "Mildly Flammable" refrigerants that are more environmentally friendly. Use of these A2L refrigerants is still under review by industry and government organizations. How low of a GWP value is required to be adequately safe for the environment?
The EU has proposed banning the sale of domestic refrigerators and freezers containing HFCs with a global warming potential (GWP) of 150 or more as of January 1, 2015. European countries such as Denmark, Austria, and Switzerland have already banned most uses of HFC's. A US/Mexico/Canada proposal to phase down HFC use by 70% by the year 2029 is being evaluated. Proponents of natural refrigerants will tell you the near zero GWP of ammonia and propane are the way to go.
The above current "picture" of the refrigerant issue does not display the most important issue of energy efficiency which makes up 95 to 98% of the global warming gas emissions for the majority of the stationary air conditioning products. Small improvements in energy efficiency have a far greater impact than moving to a lower GWP alternative in such "low leak" installations. Hopefully, the overemphasis on refrigerant GWP will be brought back into balance with the more important Energy Efficiency criteria.
Editor's Note: CR4 would like to thank Larry Butz, GEA Consulting President, for contributing this blog entry.
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