Why UT of plates 50 mm or greater require in ASME Section
VIII-2 Edition 2007? While it was 100 mm was in previous addenda. Do you have
any idea about it?
The function of the UT is to ensure there are no (quantify the) internal discontinuities in the rolled plate parallel to the rolled surfaces. The thickness limit was reduced to coincide with the higher allowable stresses and less conservative design rules.
As you become less conservative in design you need to know more about the material you are using.
(and I agree with Hendrik above - you have asked quite a few questions here - I will try to get to them all over the next couple of days, answering the easier ones first - but it seems like you are asking us to write this entire paper for you )