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Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

11/30/2009 2:52 PM

I'm building a system that uses several PWM motors. In order to minimize EMI I'm going to run the motors at different frequencies. I know intuitively that this will spread the emitted energy across the several frequencies, but what I need is a way to quantify the improvement that I expect to gain.

Can anyone point me to a website, ap notes, books, etc., which give a good (actually useful) description of spread spectrun technologies with respect to emitted EMI?

thx

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#1

Re: Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

11/30/2009 3:29 PM

Not sure if this is what you are looking for, but spread spectrum magazine has a lot of good links: http://www.sss-mag.com/reftopics.html

One that I found useful was: http://www.sss-mag.com/pdf/1mod_intro.pdf That article goes into the math quite a bit.

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#2
In reply to #1

Re: Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

11/30/2009 5:09 PM

Thanks!

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#3

Re: Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

12/01/2009 3:58 AM

Hi,

what are you planning: the different motors not disturbing each other? Hum, noise, vibration, cross-coupling, inter-modulation? Or not to disturb the outside systems?

Any PWM-driven motor will act as a good low-pass filter as the inductance and the inertia will not transmit high frequency components.

But you will need another inductive filter to lower the dU/dt - voltage gradient load - on the insulation of the motor in order to achieve longterm reliability.

This filter should be placed immediately after the power-stage in order to avoid the power lines to emit large disturbances.

Not to disturb the outside: any motor-connecting cables should be shielded, make sure not to introduce earth-loops.

Select a proper frequency and frequency spacing between different motors: if your system is ready for a test then make a measurement how much influence (resonances?) there will be and avoid these by the first 5 to 7 harmonics of your PWM.

Now: look at your sensors in the system, these are most likely to be affected. Test the sensor performance with respect to high frequency response.

Separate any digital system by opto-couplers.

Make sure there is no military test-facility nearby, they will use impulses of some 100 MW in the UHF to microwave region.

Best wishes

RHABE

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#4

Re: Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

12/02/2009 1:57 AM

Assumptions: You work for NASA or a contractor, therefore you are trying to meet MIL-STD-461 derivative requirements, such as RE02, or RE102.

All you really need to know is how much you are reducing the current at any frequency (harmonics), and that reduction will be reflected in your radiated emissions. If you had "n" identical PWM drives, and they were all at the same frequency, and they were all phase-locked, and then you changed the frequencies, the emissions should come down by a factor of n, or about 20 log (n) in dBs. But if the PWM drives were identical in frequency, but not phase locked, then they would not add in phase, but in an rss manner, which means not as 20 log (n), but as 10 log (n), so that when you changed frequencies, the reduction would be 10 log (n) dBs, not 20 log (n).

But that still isn't the whole story, because MIL-STD-461/462 requires the use of a peak detector. If you were testing to EN55022 or similar, which use quasi-peak and/or average detection, then the rss comment would apply directly. With a peak detector, it is possible that during the time you are dwelling on the harmonic frequency, that the unlocked PWM drives could momentarily accidentally be in phase, and then the peak detector would record that peak, even though it occurred momentarily. The likelihood of this happening is in direct proportion to the dwell time (MIL-STD-461E/F table II) relative to the "drift speed" of the PWM drive phases. If the phasing changes rapidly compared to the dwell time, then you are likely to hit a peak during the dwell, and the emitted signal will be stronger. If the phases are relatively stationary and out of sync, it is much less likely that you will hit a peak.

Therefore one can say that with respect to MIL-STD-461, the improvement in radiated emissions you can expect by using different PWM frequencies varies between 10 log (n) and 20 log (n) dBs, where n is the number of PWM drives.

Now having said all that, please note that radiated emissions come from common mode currents on cables, if the cables are properly designed. If you are using twisted shielded pairs to get from the drive circuits to the motors, then it shouldn't matter at all whether you use the same frequency for all drives, or different frequencies.

emc_c

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#5
In reply to #4

Re: Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

12/02/2009 9:58 AM

You it the nail on the head. What I need is the info you just presented in more formal documentation (a book, article, etc.), so I have something more to offer than "I heard it from a guy on the internet".

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#6
In reply to #5

Re: Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

12/02/2009 5:55 PM

Well, all I said was common sense, if you're conversing with an electrical engineer with at least a passing knowledge of EMC.

All you need to do is write it up, and if someone questions it, ask them to explain their concern.

I realize it is the culture today, but you don't have to footnote every obvious assertion.

Alternatively, I can write up a learned treatise on the subject, and my name will carry some weight. But I need a purchase order with some hours on it to bill against, for that. :-)

emc_c

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#7
In reply to #6

Re: Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

12/02/2009 6:16 PM

Or you could point me to a decent textbook.

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#8
In reply to #7

Re: Spread Spectrum Technologies and EMI

12/02/2009 6:24 PM

No obvious single compact source that would support what I maintain is common sense. The division by "n" is simply common sense. An explanation of the peak detector function may be found in the appendix of MIL-STD-461E/F. But you have to extrapolate from that described performance to get the discussion of the benefit of frequency spreading as being between 10 log n and 20 log n. I performed that explanation for you, so all you need is the -461 appendix discussion (with pictures) which is public domain.

emc_c

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