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I have come across with two answers for this question. 1.Backing plate is used to avoid excess penetration. 2. It can be used to dissipate the heat. I don't know what is the exact answer.
It is used to provide a sound backing for the root pass in a full penetration weld, thus eliminating the necessity of back gouging/grinding the back side of the root of the work. It is a great help when access to the back side of the weld is impossible or difficult to reach but is not allowed to be used in many "classified" situations.
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"Almost" Good Answers: