In the tubesheet of a heat exchanger, the narrow pieces of metal between the tube holes are called "ligaments." The thickness of the tubesheet resists pressure within the shell of the heat exchanger. The "ligament efficiency" is a comparison of this pressure resisting ability with that of a solid plate without such holes. You may find more info about this from TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers' Association) than from ASME. (I'm not sure about this, having been out of the field for quite a while.)
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In vino veritas; in cervisia carmen; in aqua E. coli.