Surge happens when fluid in motion is stopped by a valve or other obstruction shutting it off and needs somewhere to go to slow down. The simple way of containing it is with some form of hydraulic accumulator.
Pipes need to be rated for the surge pressure to be satisfactorily protected.
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Surging is nothing but frequent reversal of flow in short time. In centrifugal compressors it happens when consumption of compressed gas in downstream is suddenly reduced or stopped. In steam piping it happens due to excessive condensate formation or condensate is also to be pushed through along with steam. In both the cases resultant is very heavy jerk and vibration in piping. Some times flanges and valve glands may get loosened and start leaking.
The best protection is to avoid surge by (a) provision of anti surge controls in compressors (b) provision of adequate auto condensate drains in steam piping and its maintenance.
To take care still eventual surging, piping support and clamping should be strong.
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