Hello i need help understanding some information i read in a text book,

'This information is from J O Bird - Electrical circuit theory and technology 2nd rev.'
i dont know how to get from step 1 (in red) to step 2 (in green) and to step 3 (in blue)
i understand the determinants ie (ad-cb) but i dont under stand how to add the voltages with the phase angle
Any help would be great