To maintain a minimum flow in the boiler feedwater circuit and avoid damage to the pump should a restriction develop in the piping downstream of the pump discharge.
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Boiler feed pumping
in power plant operation is accomplished
under varying flow conditions. When
pumping a fluid at or near its vapor pressure ( boiling ) there is a strong possibility
of flow disturbance at low flow conditions. Utilizing a recirculation circuit
to achieve a positive flow rate in a pumping arrangement is often found helpful
at reducing cavitations. Check the link
below for general knowledge on fluid cavitations.
The only thing I would add to that is that it also helps with preventing the pump from over-heating, and depending on the feed-water heater circuit layout, may help prevent lifting safety valves on heaters when shifting to minimal load on boiler. Usually when boiler has been operating near maximum production rate, there is some heat storage in the furnace, etc., such that with a large reduction in steam rate, steam may be excessive for a short time to the feed-water heaters (as a ratio of extracted steam to feed-water flow rate), resulting in excessive pressure on shell side.
It also helps during hydro-static testing of boilers to have a re-circulation flow for when the system finally vents away the last bit of air, and pressure ramp takes place.
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