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Imagine growing up knowing that you were born for one
purpose: to be a perfect match for your sibling. Since your sibling is very
ill, you've been genetically engineered to be an exact match so that your
blood, bone marrow, and organs can be taken and "donated" to save the life of
your sister. Although this is the fictional plot of My Sister's Keeper,
a book by Jodi Picoult, that I'd read recently, advances in technology have
made this scenario a possibility. After thinking about this hypothetical
situation, some people would like to believe that they wouldn't object to being
born to save a sibling's life. Others would argue that engineering a child for
this purpose is morally wrong.
Human genetic engineering is a controversial topic because
it tugs on the emotions of many people. In 2001 the United States House of
Representatives passed a bill than banned genetic engineering for cloning in
reproduction and medical purposes. Genetic engineering occurs in a laboratory
setting where scientists change the DNA of living organisms. As you may
remember from high school biology class, DNA serves as the "blueprint" for
living organisms.
In human genetic engineering changes in DNA are made in the
earliest stage of child development: the embryonic stage. Today, there are two
types of human genetic engineering, somatic and germline. Somatic genetic
engineering focuses on the genes of specific organs and tissues. In short, somatic
engineering is changing something within an existing person, without changing
the composition of their sperm or eggs. Unlike somatic engineering, germline
genetic engineering focuses on early human forms, in the embryonic stage. These
changes affect the embryo throughout its entire life as a human and are passed
to future generations.
Since the completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP) in
2003, the benefits of genetic engineering have been visible in headlines
everywhere. As you may remember, the HGP was a project that aimed to identify
all of the genes in human DNA. It also determined the sequences of base-pairs
that comprise human DNA. Their aim was to provide scientists with tools that
would allow them to understand genetic diseases.
Thanks to HGP, there are now more than 1,000 tests for
genetic disorders and diseases. Researches created a "HapMap", a catalog of
common genetic variations and their associations with certain genetic diseases.
Because of the HGP, scientists now have a deeper understanding of DNA, patients
have been treated with gene therapy, and pregnant women can screen fetuses for
genetic defects. These are only a few of the many benefits of genetic
engineering, as reported by the media.
Critics claim that there will be social and political
ramifications if human genetic engineering becomes widespread. In addition to
posing religious arguments, people worry that genetic engineering will have
negative effects on a child throughout life. Critics of human engineering also claim
that the child will come to feel dehumanized and experience the feelings of
identity loss. Other opposing voices say that moving forward with human genetic
engineering would cause a wave of "designer babies". This fear of humanity
becoming nothing more than another man-made object is making people wonder if
genetically-altered children are just the first step in creating a Brave New World.
Currently, many countries have banned human genetic
engineering. But who knows what will happen when the world's leaders and
administrations change?
Unlike some of my other blog entries, I don't have a set
opinion on this topic. Still, here's what I want to know:
- If we moved forward with human genetic
engineering, would there be a way to screen out people who are just looking to
make cuter babies?
- In My Sister's Keeper, the
genetically-engineered child didn't want be a donor for her sister. Since young
children are not allowed to make their own medical decisions, how could we
protect their interests?
- If human genetic engineering was solely somatic,
would it be as controversial?
So, what do you
think?
Resources:
http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/human-genetic-engineering.htm
http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/benefits-of-human-genetic-engineering-faq.htm
http://www.arhp.org/patienteducation/onlinebrochures/cloning/index.cfm?ID=282
http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/HumanGenomeProject.pdf
http://www.emagazine.com/view/?112
http://www.huxley.net/
http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/GEessays/gedanger.htm#GEHB
http://www.safe-food.org/-issue/ge.html
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