With the Beijing Olympics fast approaching, athletes from all
over the world are under pressure. While most competitors know to stay away
from enhancive steroids like testosterone, a new study shows that some athletes
can get away with testosterone doping. Even small doses of testosterone can
help an athlete increase their muscle mass, bone density, and strength in a
fraction of the time that they would have otherwise.
In a study at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, fifty-five
healthy men signed up for a drug-doping test. Each man agreed to be injected
with testosterone and to take a standard urine test. Most men tested positive,
indicating that they'd taken the drug; however, 17 of the men tested negative –
showing no signs of excess testosterone.
These men could use testosterone to build muscles, while
responding to the hormone normally due to natural gene deletion. Gene deletion
is a genetic mutation where part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is
missing. The 17 men from the study responded normally because they lack both
copies of a gene that is used to convert the testosterone into a form that
dissolves in urine.
Experts indicate that this type of gene deletion is most
common in Asian men. Jenny Jakobsson Schulze, a molecular geneticist at the Karolinska University
Hospital in Stockholm, says "about two-thirds of Asian
men are missing both copies of the gene… as are nearly 10 percent of
Caucasians".
"It's disturbing", says Don Catlin, chief executive of the
non-profit group Anti-Doping Research. "Basically, you have a license to
cheat", he continued. It's been known for a long time that certain men were
able to take certain drugs and not get caught. Catlin believes that although no
gene deletion was ever previously identified, some athletes may have discovered
their immunity to drug testing and used it to their advantage.
Discussion continues regarding where researchers should go
next. Specifically, people are
wondering if this gene deletion is important enough to require athletes to
provide a DNA sample. Testosterone screening tests look for testosterone and
epitestostrone. Epitestostrone is a substance parallel to testosterone, but
without the effects. If the ratio of testosterone (T) to epitestostrone (E) is
four or greater, it is considered a positive test. If the test is positive,
then another more expensive and definitive follow-up test is performed to find
out of the testosterone is of human or plant origin. The testosterone typically
used in doping comes from plants.
Another option is for athletes to have a "passport" of all
the tests run on them – to detect results that vary from their average
performance. The World Anti-Doping Agency is studying the athlete's passport
idea. Oliver Rabin, the Agency's science director, believes that the passport
is a good idea. "You are in a situation where you monitor the athlete and you
can see right away if there are modifications", he explains. But even if an
irregularity was detected, the athlete would have to undergo a testosterone
follow-up test. Still, scientists are now wondering if the newly discovered
gene deletion could be a reason the T to E ratio tests can fail for some men.
Either way, there are no clear cut answers. The follow-up
test is complex, expensive, and raising questions of ethics and feasibility.
Two-thirds of Asians and 10% of Caucasians are known to have this type of gene
deletion, while other numbers remain unknown for now.
- Should we genetically test athletes?
- If you could cheat, would you?
Resources:
Doping by Mutant Athletes Undetected - http://biotech.idg.se/2.1763/1.141538
Some Athletes' Genes Help Outwit Doping Test - http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/sports/30doping.html?pagewanted=2&_r=3&hp
Forbes.com Health Highlights - http://www.forbes.com/health/feeds/hscout/2008/04/30/hscout615039.html
Gene that Hides Doping Poses Predicament for Testers - http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/04/29/sports/dope.php
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