Help With a Calculation

Maybe this will help.

https://emtoolbox.nist.gov/publications/nationalstandardslaboratorytechnicalpaperno25.pdf

Thank you!

OP wants to exceed elastic limit....

Of what material is the <...solid cylinder...> to be made?

• The word <...deform...> may include the concept of crushing to powder, as well as bending.

Hi, the material is nickel

What other information is available about this <...solid cylinder...> and the desired <...deform...> process? <sigh>

It is a nickel material. Im just not sure what formula applies to this situation.

<...what formula applies to this situation...>

Please list the candidates.

I thought it would be PL/AE ?

There is nothing in the way of information in this thread to think about, yet, apart from undefined abbreviations.

Please state what is intended to be achieved by the application of the appropriate <...formula...> _{(the description will need several sentences with some numerical information therein)}?

I want to compress one end of a cylinder from the top and bottom, to deform it into a flat end with a thickness of x. I would like to know the amount of pressure required to do this.

This sounds like a forging operation so far.

• Any <...pressure...> has to exceed the tensile strength of the <...nickel...> at whatever temperature the process is to be carried out. Flames and big hammers do that, not <...calculation...>.
• The activity of <...deform it into a flat end with a thickness of x...> could also be a machining operation, not needing any <...pressure...>.

The amount of pressure required will depend on the temper and the thickness of the metal. The end to be compressed has to be annealed to accomplish this without breaking the metal or creating stresses which will break later on.

Annealing nickel involves heating and then cooling either quickly or slowly, the exact process used will produce a degree of softness/ductility which is likely variable. (I don't work with nickel but I think that's a general principle for any metal or alloy). In your case you want to anneal only the end but presumably retain the hardness of the remaining material. So I agree with PW Slack that it is not really relevant to calculate an amount of pressure - what you really need is to explore the hands on process of accomplishing your end-of-cylinder anneal.

A formula for calculating the pressure requirement may simply assume the material is fully annealed, so the thickness of the material is going to be a key variable. Heavy gauge, large cylinder obviously is going to require a lot more.

For a small cylinder, a hammer would do it, or as you suggested elsewhere, a vise could be used to pinch both sides and tighten until flat. That might be a valid process if you're concerned about centering your "pinch". You would want to tighten it in one smooth motion to avoid work hardening effects in stopping and starting again, which could compromise the integrity of the material. If you want to reduce the thickness of the existing material bilayer, you may need to anneal a second time and then hammer it thinner. At least, that's how it would work with the more ductile metals.

You need a Black Widow...

Any force greater than zero.

Indeed. if it were large enough it might slump under its own weight.

Try this.

They usually work with hot materials I think, but would the people who do forgings be of any aid?

With regards the formula for your calculation, it stands to reason that manufacturers of tubing would know how to calculate their spec. And indeed they do:

https://www.pjtube.com/pressure-charts/
"* Barlow’s Formula is expressed as:
Tubing - (2 * MTS * t)/d for estimating theoretical burst pressure.
Pipe - (2 * MTS * t)/D for estimating theoretical burst pressure...."

"MTS = Minimum tensile strength (psi); MYS = Minimum yield strength (psi); t = Nominal wall thickness (inches); d = Nominal inside diameter (inches);
D = Nominal outside diameter (inches); Working pressure = 1/4 of theoretical burst pressure"

"** Theoretical yield pressure is the point of permanent deformation and calculated by substituting the MYS value in the equation.
*** Collapse pressure estimate shown is per API 5C3 calculation. Formula: (2 * MYS * (D/t - 1)) / (D/t)2"

Indeed, he did say "solid".. don't know how I missed that.