Screw-Down Check Globe Valve

The valve you are describing is also known as a "stop-check" valve. Lifting the stem allows the disk to float as in a normal disk-type check valve. Lowering the stem presses the disk onto the seat, thereby closing the valve. Yet another name is "non-return valve." I'm not sure how universal these terms are. Such valves can be configured as in-line, angle (like Lyn's pic), or Y-pattern. They are now fairly common in refrigeration applications, such as discharge valves on compressors.

Allow me, a non-engineer to take a shot at this as it seems the OP is looking for very basic information.

A check valve is any valve that only allows flow in one direction.

The "globe" in globe valve refers to the device that stops the flow.

The globe valve controls flow by raising or lowering the disc. While the disc is flattened in the above diagram they are often more rounded at the bottom, globe shaped if you will. Originally the stem just pushed down on a metal sphere that closed the opening, pressure of the fluid forced the ball up to open the valve. It was this globe that gave the valve its name.