Today's Google Doodle (for August 1) commemorates the birthday of Maria Mitchell. She was one of a very few women who worked in Astronomy (or any kind of science or engineering, for that matter) back in the 1800s. She was the first American woman to be employed as a professional astronomer. As the doodle notes, she discovered a comet, which was named for her in the tradition of giving a comet the name of its discoverer.
Here's a link to the Wikipedia article about her: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Mitchell
Re: Google Doodle - Maria Mitchell