|
When I work in my home office, I usually light a candle. I do this in part because I like the scent and in part because I've read that certain scents improve productivity. Why, I wondered, does peppermint reputedly help someone focus better than honeysuckle or popcorn or that old fave from the '60s, patchouli? As usual, my search branched off in unexpected directions. I discovered that unraveling the science behind our sense of smell earned a 2004 Nobel Prize for two scientists. And on a less-grand level, marketers, not surprisingly, use scent as another arrow in their quiver of tools to get us to buy stuff. And in 2013 a British company commissioned a specific workplace fragrance (Ascent) from a master perfumer. This is serious business.
Physiology of smell
Richard Axel and Linda Buck were awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology, "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system." Their research was on gene coding for proteins expressed exclusively in the olfactory epithelium. Humans have around 300 genes that cooperate in identifying smells. The laureates discovered that each gene codes for one type of olfactory receptor, and each receptor "recognizes" a limited number of odorants.
Receptors are protein chains whose shape alters when an odorant substance attaches itself to the receptor. Only receptors genetically programmed to recognize the odorant will be activated. These receptors send these bits of information to the olfactory bulb in the brain. The brain, in turn, recognizes the different chemical components and combines the bits into a completely individual smell.
This intricate system enables humans to recognize 10,000 individual smells and to remember a new smell with 65% accuracy after a year. Don't be overly impressed. Dogs possess up to 300 million olfactory receptors in their noses, compared to about six million in us. And the dog's olfactory bulb is, proportionally speaking, 40 times greater than ours.
Humans and scent
The sense of smell is the first sense that we humans (and other mammals) use. Think about it. Evolutionarily, being able to find one's mother, or sense an enemy, from birth is critical to survival. Being able to remember significant scents -- and dangerous smells - is equally important. The close connection between the olfactory bulb and the limbic system, a part of the brain that governs emotion and memories, accounts for our ability to learn and remember smells.
Based on personal observation, I'm well aware that humans remember scents and that these scents often evoke emotion, even long after the original exposure or the event that connected the scent to the emotion. Every time I peel an orange or a tangerine, I think of Christmas mornings when I was a kid. How much of what we read or hear do we remember that vividly?
Scent marketing
Scent memory is one attribute that marketers exploit. One example: a luxury-goods store that pumps in the aroma of old leather, among others. Old leather evokes craftsmanship. Do not think that scent marketing nabs just the marginal customers who might not otherwise buy something. Research proves that people buy more in an appropriately-scented environment compared to an eau de ordinary shopping mall.
Back to Scent and Productivity
A number of well-regarded empirical studies have established that, even if we cannot yet explain why, some scents do improve various aspects of productivity at work.
Masahiro Tanida and Masako Katsuyama of the Bioengineering Research Laboratories, at the Shiseido Life Science Research Center, in Yokohama, in conjunction with Kaoru Sakatani of the Department of Neurological Surgery, at Nihon University School of Medicine, tested the effect of a "pleasant, floral green" scent on volunteers

performing a mental arithmetic problem. Over the four-week course of the experiment, the researchers measured stress reduction in the experimental group.
A handful of other studies focused on cognitive performance and accuracy. Cinnamon and peppermint scents generally improved attention and memory. Typists exposed to peppermint typed faster and more accurately than the control group. Another study found that females responded better to lavender in tests of memory and accuracy; men responded better to peppermint.
Several less-rigorous surveys expand the range of productivity-inducing scents. The effects of the suggested scents are usually either stimulants - peppermint, citrus, cinnamon, eucalyptus - or stress-relievers - lavender, rosemary, and jasmine. Some lists are more inclusive, but this set of seven scents is the core of the productivity-enhancing arsenal.
Why Does Scent Work?
My search for empirical research explaining why some scents increase productivity in the workplace did not turn up definitive answers. A number of the scent marketing studies posited that the memories and associations between specific scents, such as evergreen trees and the Christmas holidays, put consumers in a happy place, so to speak, and happy people are more inclined to spend money. Do we work better because we're feeling less stressed or happier?
I haven't conducted any unscientific studies on myself and my home office. I did once engage in a slightly different kind of scent experiment. I'd read that the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia concluded that two scents, pumpkin pie and lavender, were the most attractive to men. I conscientiously wore lavender the whole time my husband I and were dating and, well, he's my husband now. Did the lavender tip the scales in my favor? If it did, I'm glad it worked out.
Resources
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/illpres/index.html
https://www.ted.com/talks/luca_turin_on_the_science_of_scent?language=en
http://productivitytheory.com/10-aromatherapy-scents-to-increase-productivity/#
http://us.moodmedia.com/scent-research.asp
Image credits
www.nobelprize.org
Ambiente Bio
|