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How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/26/2008 7:38 PM

I was wondering how 'sustainable' the solution of Lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles are.

Having learnt that there is about 35 million tonnes of exploitable Lithiumcarbonate in the world and if we take 18,8 masspercent for Lithium that means there is about 6,5 million tonnes of pure Lithium available. I wondered how many cars can be equipped with Lithium-ion batteries if we decide to give them a "full-electric range" of 150 km.

I supposed this would require a 250 kg battery that contains about 100 kg of "pure" Lithium (please correct me if I'm wrong on this ratio). Numbers on availability can vary a bit so let's take 10 million tonnes of available Lithium to do the calculations. In that case we could equip about 100 million cars which is between one and one and a half years of the world's production. Is it thus a realistic option for the future?

Does anyone have a precise information about how much pure Lithium there is in Lithium-in batteries? (mass percentage and mass per kWh)

The report that you can download onhttp://www.meridian-int-res.com/Projects/Lithium_Problem_2.pdf was a good information for me for the estimates on Lithium availability in the coming years.

The report says: There are currently nearly 1 billion motor vehicles in the World. To equip them all with a small 5kWh PHEV battery would consume at least 20% of the world's existing Lithium metal salt reserves using LiIon batteries; 12% of the world's Nickel reserves with NaNiCl batteries; and 3% of the world's Zinc reserves with ZnAir batteries.

And further it says : To equip the World Automobile Parc with a 10kWh LiIon battery would consume over 35% of the World's Producible Lithium Carbonate Reserves

It also says : With a more realistic projection of at least an average 10kWh battery per vehicle, 36% of the world's recoverable Lithium Carbonate Reserves would be consumed. 10KWh is still a small battery – even if 20kWh was achieved with the same Lithium utilisation, Lithium consumption will be at unsustainable levels.

I believe we should not think about PHEV but should think of Full electric vehicles if we put ourselves in the position of independence of fossil fuel. (Let's hope algae fuel take off, though) so 5 kWh is not my target...

Then, I wonder if the production rate of Lithium is the limiting factor (evaporation)? Aren't there really any other sources?

This brings us to the next question:

Can we expect a price drop of Lithium because of production increase or should we expect price increases of Lithium because of increasing demand for Lithium-ion batteries for vehicles combined with limited production/availability? That would be a shock to many electric vehicle engineers!!

There are analogies in the past, for example for Indium that went from $97.00 per kilogram in 2002 to $855.00 per kilogram in 2006 because of the increase of demand, mainly due to the application in LCD screens.

An important lesson for engineers is to think of availability of raw materials when developing new technologies that everyone will "need". Are we finally becoming aware of the impact of human overpopulation of the world on engineering?

What are the alternatives for electric energy storage in vehicles? Zebra, Zinc-air, Carbon Nanotubes?

How should we 'as engineeers' consider announcements from car manufacturers on new Li-ion battery electric vehicles? As a short term media stunt, as ignorance about (near) future Lithium availability, or as misleading distraction that cleans up brand image?

I would be happy to read your thoughts on this subject.

Best regards,

Randolph Toom

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#1

Re: How much Lithium in a Litium-ion battery?

10/27/2008 4:41 AM

Randolph

Your point about supply of raw materials is well made. To replace all present vehicles with electric ones would also strain the world's supply of copper.

I have no idea how much Li is in a Li ion battery, however sea salt contains 5-7ppm of Li. This level is also present at the outlets of undersea hydrothermal vents.

www.enclabs.com/lithium is where I found the above.

The extraction of the lithium is not easy but if needed I'm sure efficient processes would be developed.

An alternative battery would be the type which have the reacting materials seperate to the battery. Two I know of are the bromine/zinc and the bromine/sodium oxysulphate(?). A link to the former is www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_znbr

A multi megawatt test installation of the Zn/Br battery has been installed in Australia.

Of course the thought of cars having an accident while having a tank of Br on board is not very comfortable. Petrol would definitely be preferable.

Bromine is one of the major components of sea salt, so supply would not be a problem.

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#2
In reply to #1

Re: How much Lithium in a Litium-ion battery?

10/27/2008 10:44 PM
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#7
In reply to #2

Re: How much Lithium in a Litium-ion battery?

10/28/2008 2:55 AM

"Links don't connect"

Sorry, looks like I messed up the hyperlink process.

The link for composition of salt came from a google search, the link to the Zn/Br battery from my bookmarks.

Try

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm#composition

for amount of Li in seawater (from my bookmarks)

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#26
In reply to #7

Re: How much Lithium in a Litium-ion battery?

10/28/2008 6:49 PM

Thank you

It works just fine

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#6
In reply to #1

Re: How much Lithium in a Litium-ion battery?

10/28/2008 2:49 AM

Sea water contains also those Uranium isotopes which are needed in nuclear power stations. There is already technologies developed in Japan to extract those isotopes from sea water and certainly is it possible to do the Li-extraction in a similar if not the same installation. BTW, with the isotopes from the sea one could feed the existing technology of nuclear power stations for more than 4000 years with nuclear fuel. Before we can do anything else we will anyway need electricity, since most extraction processes from water involve electrolysis.

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#3

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/27/2008 11:54 PM

Lithium being Toxic Element, we will give it up after some time when it will become real nuisance value and this craze is only short term. It is all right to use it in Laptop computers. Cars should run using water and solar power.

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#4

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 12:33 AM

"Are we finally becoming aware of the impact of human overpopulation of the world on engineering?"

...or on anything else? Good Point!!!

Apparently not, for most people.

I have the impression that religion interferes with rationality in many (perhaps most) people. I think I would have voted for McCain, but not with this VP candidate and her views on birth!

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#5
In reply to #4

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 1:04 AM

Art of living on trees is much better than art of living in mobile metal boxes. However, human world now is more metal friendly, and it is multiplying rapidly like virus.

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#21
In reply to #4

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 3:34 PM

I'll send you what I sent Shyam since the 'both' includes you.

You both sound like complete morons. Go back and think about your suggestions and statements. Cars running on water and solar?!!! Please tell me you were joking! If not, quadruple the first sentence and then sit down and work out the math - if you can.

Add to that your totally moronic and obviously completely ignorant statement about religion (well, I do have to give you some versions of religion - but the statement cannot be made generally and not scream of ignorance and intolerance). Yes, you are very obviously an intolerant person. Hurts to know the truth doesn't it. It also appears that you support murder for personal convenience, which is exactly what abortion is and nothing else and try to hide the inhumanity, horror, and shame in words like 'pro-choice' I assume. More children have been murdered for convenience in the US since Rowe vs. Wade than all the Jews killed in the Holocaust. Oh wait, based on your expressed views you probably don't believe in the Holocaust. OK, more have died than in the Civil War. You do believe that happened I assume. The attitude of the pro-choicer is, 'Well, I wanted the pleasure, but I don't want the conequences. A child would be inconvenient - especially for getting more pleasure.' What a maroon! Murder for convenience. Such a pleasant thing. Why don't you try getting all those convicted murderers off death row? I'm sure killing those people was convenient for them - no witnesses etc. I'm sure that some of them got their pleasure but didn't want the consequences. Same difference. Why do you seem to believe that murdering an adult for convenience is more heinous than murdering an innocent child who has their entire life before them for convenience? This is God's choice, not a choice for a self-serving and selfish mother - or her prideful and selfish parents (if they are the ones pushing it). Why should a child have to lose its life because of the selfishness of the parent who brought it to life to begin with?

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#22
In reply to #21

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 3:46 PM

F-Tard: How did you turn a discussion of lithium into a rant about abortion?? Take some lithium, fer chrissake!

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#23
In reply to #22

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 4:05 PM

I didn't. dkwarner did. Pronouncements like his deserve and need a response. If you don't stand for something, you'll fall for anything. I was surprised and dismayed that nobody beat me to it.

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#24
In reply to #21

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 4:51 PM

This tirade barely deserves a response, but I must say, it deserves many more "off-topic" votes than the one I gave it. This is a wonderful example of turning a rational discussion into a personal rant. Please learn some manners, if nothing else.

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#25
In reply to #21

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 5:06 PM

I'm sorry, but not surprised, that you hide behind 'Guest'.

There is one thing that is an undisputable FACT: There IS a limit to the number of humans that can sustainably live on this planet. (And by the way, energy limitations prevent us from sending more than a few colonizers to any other place in the universe, so we are stuck with this planet forever.) Sure, we can argue over just what that limit is, but there is no question that a limit exists. I suspect we may have already passed that limit (remember sustainably), but that can't be proven or disproven yet, if ever.

If left uncontrolled, population will grow until its demands exceed the resources available, so we have two possible choices: 1. Control it ourselves, or 2. Let Nature control it.

Option 1 includes:A) conception control (Abstinence, Rhythm, and various chemical means), B) birth control (Abortion), C) euthanasia (eg. assisted suicide), and D) murder and war.

Option 2 includes: A) Disease, B) Famine, C) Flood, D) Earthquake, E) Volcanic activity, F) a large asteroid, G) overheating or overcooling of the Earth, etc. I think we could also include murder and war in this option, since they naturally increase with population.

Now you tell me: Which do YOU choose?

Personally, I think Option 1 A,B, and C are highly preferable over the rest. I have used 1A to set an example, and do hope to be able to use 1C in 20 or 30 years, to avoid the hopeless conditions of two of my elderly close relatives.

Please respond!

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#28
In reply to #25

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/31/2008 7:18 PM

Sorry I haven't responded sooner - very very busy.

I choose to "hide behind guest" simply due to what happened to my computer the last time I made a conservative (and actually less controversial) statement due to a very left-thinking hacker who disagreed with me. He demanded tolerance and freedom of speech, but couldn't afford anyone who disagreed with his view the same benefits. Kind of like the "No on Prop 8" folks in California stealing "Yes" signs and vandalizing peoples property. Kind of like Obama kicking the press out of his plane and entourage if they ask him a tough question and press him to actually answer it.

Anyway, to the question at hand. I'm sure that there is some limit. No doubt about that. However, God has said several times that the earth has enough to support man's needs. He set the limit and I'm sure that He will be the one to exercise the controls. Now that doesn't mean that we can all just go crazy here on earth in havng babies and using as many resources as possible. He did say to exercise moderation in all things and that the earth had what we needed if we were willing to share and help one another. Wait a second. . . you were ridiculing those who believe in God in your first post so I guess this argument is not to your liking or approval.

OK. Lets take a different approach. You said, "but that can't be proven or disproven yet, if ever". If we had reached the limit already as you suggest, it would be incredibly obvious. There would be widespread starvation, lack of just about everything because it had already run out, and there would be a total worldwide collapse of society. No, we haven't hit the limit yet nor are we close. Until you can provide any sort of proof that we are in imminent danger of such a collapse of the human race or anywhere even close to it, your claim that we need to control things by murdering innocent children is an empty and specious arguement. (I am glad that your first choice was abstinence over abortion.) Even if such a thing was coming down around us the answer would never be murder. There are too many brilliant minds and too much time before such an apolcalypse to worry enough about it to kill children. Take for example the hybrid rice that was developed back in the 70's and in widespread use by the early 80's that increased the production of a field of rice 100 fold. Since then advances have come much faster and most, or at least many countries have huge stockpiles of wheat, rice and other staples. We are finally investing more in renewable energy instead of continuing the wholesale use of nonrenewables. etc.... As I stated before, the mainstream push behind abortion is selfishness - wanting the supposed freedom and the pleasure but not the consequences and inconveniences that come with it - not concern over the population of the world. That is only the very few like you - or those who are looking for something - anything to support their arguement. However that arguement holds no water.

If you don't stand for something you will fall for anything.

Which would I choose? I choose to be wise in my use of resources. I choose to excercise moderation in all things, including the number of children I have. I choose to do my part in trying to make this world a better place and improving the human condition. I choose to be of service to my fellowmen - not murder those I think can be thrown away. Finally, and most importantly, I choose to live righteously and after all that I can do, to leave my fate and the fate of the world in the hands of God. Man, and especially government just screw it up such as when they legalized the murder of innocents for the convenience of the not so innocent and then called that incredibly wicked act "good" and a "woman's right".

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#29
In reply to #28

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

11/01/2008 12:09 AM

Thank you for responding!

PP#1: Kind of like the "yes on Prop 8" folks in CA using children's pictures in adds, and refusing to remove them when the parents complain.

PP#2: I was NOT ridiculing those who believe in God. I was simply stating a historically observable fact. Any reasonable, intelligent person can see the benefits of moderation in all things, sharing, and helping one another, whether or not that person believes in any particular God or group of Gods. At the time the Bible was written, there WAS plenty for everyone, because 'everyone' included a vastly smaller number of people (close to 200 Million, according to several estimates listed by the US Census bureau). With current world population around 6500 million, that's over 32 people now for every single person of biblical times. With all the comforts many of us have become accustomed to, our per capita use of resources has increased by a factor of tens to hundreds, so the world consumption of resources has increased something like 1000-fold over biblical times.

PP#3: It has been shown in a number of studies (one that comes to mind - Dr. Albert Bartlett, U of Colorado), that it is NOT obvious to most people that a resource is about to fail, until well after the resource availability has passed its peak.

I have never advocated murder, and never will. Look up the definition of the word! "Murder implies malicious and premeditated killing of one person by another" (Oxford)(Webster adds the word illegal). There is nothing malicious about terminating a pregnancy when it is known well before birth that the birth would result in an individual that could never contribute to society and would require the lifelong care of its mother and society. What other animal wastes its time and energy raising defective offspring? "the mainstream push behind abortion is selfishness" Not at all! It is about quality of life, for the fetus, for the mother, and for society as a whole. You seem to think abortion is the principal method of population control - it is a very minor part of the big picture.

PP#4: You bet I stand for something: Quality, not Quantity!

PP#5: I agree with everthing up until "leave my fate..." I chose to have NO children. If there is a God and a judgement day, I trust that God will be wise enough to see that I have spent most of my life helping others.

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#32
In reply to #29

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

11/04/2008 5:08 PM

PP#1: Kind of like the "yes on Prop 8" folks in CA using children's pictures in adds, and refusing to remove them when the parents complain.

Where do you live and where is your info coming from? The statement above is patently false. All of the children in Yes on Prop 8 adds were there only because of parental permission. The gay misinformation czars may be refering to a few seconds of a public video in one of the adds. However, even there parents gave permission for the footage to be used publicly even though they may not have given permission specifically to the Yes of prop 8 folks, it was public video with full permissions and at that point anyone had legal right to use it - permission already given. It had already been used several times by others, including by the gay/lesbian coalition. There were no parents requesting their childrens images not be used. It would have done tremendous damage to the Yes campaign and would have received a lot of play if it was actually true. Must have been more devisive No on 8 propaganda - patently untrue - like everthing else they have said. By the way, the No on prop 8 folks stole signs off my property this very morning and from many of my neighbors properties as well and from all locations throughout town, trying to take away my freedom of speech while they demand theirs. Typical. We had received warning that they were planning this, so I had extra signs to replace the ones that were stolren. That is why the activist judges, who thumbed their noses at the people of California and at the law itself, made sure that the language was, "acceptance ... is mandatory." If you disagree with them, you just lost your freedom of speech and freedom of religion. If anyone else tried to take away our rights, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion they would be called either foreign terrorists or traitors. That is the goal of Osama Bin Laden. The liberal traitor judges did it for him and people are looking the other way. Just look how far we've come.

PP#2. Go reread what you said as if you were someone else seeing it for the first time. If you didn't mean to ridicule you should have stated it differently. At the least you can't just lump all religion in there together since most religion/religions do not advocate extremism. But to begin with, it had no place in the discussion and there was no reason for bringing it up. That only adds to the apparent intent. If you would read the Bible, you would see that God himself continuously encourages moderation in all things. Zealots, whether religious or not, only screw things up for everyone. God wants us and encourages us to be reasonable and intelligent beings. Being of service to others is essentially the central theme here. Some of the things God talked to the prophets about were specifically for the people in that day. Some of them also talk specifically about our day. In the statement referred to, He was talking about our day. He didn't say, "Well, you will not run out of such and such mineral" or anything like that. He said that there was enough for the needs of man. He expects uys to be industrious and intellignet and smart. He expects us to help ourselves by finding new ways of doing things etc and he does expect us to treat the earth with repsect and conservation. He gave us talents and abilities and our minds and He expects us to put them to good use.

PP#3:There are all kinds of studies that say all kinds of things on all kinds of topics and a year later another comes out and turns it upside down. So one guy did one study, and if anything on one specific thing and if nobody noticed - must not have been that important of a thing. However, the point that you had made was that the human race had already exceeded the earths limits in general - not just for pink tea leaves for example. I think we'd really quickly learn that there was a food shortage. I don't think that one would get by us too easily and it would not take long at all. I think mankind is smarter than to miss being out of food, out of oil, out of steel, out of aluminum. We're not that daft as a race. Just think about it for a minute.

As far as your recent arguements about abortion, I never said that there were not appropriate reasons. However, I personally feel that those are limited to rape/incest, physical wellbeing of the mother, and where the child is not expected by the doctors to survive birth. I have special needs cousins and friends, and friends with special needs children. None of their parents would ever have wanted it the other way. In all cases, they were given an opportunity to serve someone else and have grown and are better people for it. Their families are stronger and their siblings and relatives are more caring and compassionate than they would have been. All in all a lot of much more Christlike people. I think if you look into it, you will find that special needs people have actually contributed a lot to their families and communities.

"You seem to think abortion is the principal method of population control". I never said anything of the sort. However, it is true that since abortion was legalized in the US, more children have been murdered under its guise than men who have died in most of the wars that we could talk about. Do you know how many? The numbers are staggering and I suppose are probably low as it is difficult in any social field to make sure that all data is included. How many of those were because the child was not viable or because of rape or incest? Maybe 10% - maybe. The liberals want you to believe that it is all 100% So what about all the rest of them? What about the 90%? It is this far larger group that wanted the fun without the consequence, didn't want the inconvenience - in other words - the ones that are selfish. Yes, some abortions happen for appropriate reasons - most don't.

I'm glad that you spend your time helping others. That is a big key and it espouses how God has told us we need to treat each other. It will do a lot for you at the judgement bar.

I think at this point we must agree to disagree. I don't imagine either of us has unlimited time to keep writing back and forth and it seems quite apparent that it will take a lot more than this exchange to change either of our minds.

Take care and keep up the service to others.

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#8

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 6:10 AM

There are 5 or 6 Lithium-minerals searched, recovered and processed for lithium mining, not only the rare carbonate. Rich carbonatites are not at all abundant.

It is estimated that 60ppm of the upper earth-crust are Lithium, so in one cubic kilometer (3.1012Kg) there are 180.106Kg Li.

How much can be extracted at which cost level is open to debate.

Toxicity is not really bad so no problem from this side. LD50 level is roughly 10 times the table-salt value. (500mg/Kg LiCl/4000mg/Kg NaCl).

A question to be answered is: how much can the Lithium price go up that the further use in batteries no longer economic.

Fuel cells will be a coming alternative when solar cells are not suitable.

RHABE

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#14
In reply to #8

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 8:49 AM

Lithium in a couple of forms has been perscribed for several decades for the treatment of bipolar disorder and other mental disorders. I doubt it has too much toxicity.

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#30
In reply to #8

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

11/03/2008 6:52 AM

Re Lithium toxicity being not very bad....I think if you look at human inputs at the pharmacological level ,which tend to be in the mg/kg range you will be surprised at how,over time,Lithium can negatively impact kidney function etc...Marty Wolf

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#31
In reply to #30

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

11/03/2008 12:05 PM

Agree, I said not too bad, I did not say not lethal. My daughter is on lithium and does have regular blood tests to monitor Li levels.

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#9

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 6:27 AM

Hi Randolph,

I'm very sorry, but I don't know where you got your information, because there is no natural mineral (ore) called Lithium carbonate!

Lthium is mainly extracted from a Lthium Phosphate or Silicate, Here is a list of all the lithium minerals (ores) ;- Cryolithionate..... NaF,3LiF.2AlF2, Petalite....LiAl(Si2O5)2, Spodumene.....LiAl(SiO3)2, Eucryptite.....LiAlSiO4, Lepidolite (Lithium Mica).....K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4,O10(F,OH)2, Manandomnite......H24Li4Al14B4Si6O53, Triphylite......Li(Fe,Mn)PO4, Lithiophylite.....Li(Mn,Fe)PO, Amblygonite.....LiAl(F,OH)PO4, Fremontite......(Na,Li)Al(OH,F)PO4.

There are a small number that I have left out due to the fact that they are not mined for their Lithium content.

Spencer.

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#10
In reply to #9

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 6:45 AM

Hi Scapolie,

I supose there is some Lithium in the rare earth carbonatite that is mined mostly for Cerium somewhere in the western US. (?)

RHABE

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#11
In reply to #10

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 7:33 AM

Hi RHABE,

Carbonatites are a rare igneous rock type that consist mainly of the carbontes Calcite and Dolomite but, it is not from these minerals that Lithium is extracted. It is from the rare Lithium minerals that occur in this type of rock, and it never occurs in the rare earth minerals!!!!

It only occurs in suffient amounts in the minerals that I have already mentioned.

The rare earth elements like Ce, Th, U, Hf, Cs, Y, Yb etc, never appear with the much lighter element Lithium in the same mineral.

Best regards,

Spencer.

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#12
In reply to #11

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 8:43 AM

This discussion really makes one wish they had not made so much fun of geology and all the athletes that took the class!

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#20
In reply to #11

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 3:07 PM

Thank you!

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#18
In reply to #9

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 10:12 AM

LiF is used in most of the FL Tubes and also used in paints to make it glow. Let me know which other processes uses Lithium compounds other than batteries? LiCl or LiCO3 perhaps may be easily available compounds at reasonable rates. I will like to purchase such natural LiF with lots of 7Li

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#13

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 8:43 AM

To answer your basic question: A 2Ah 18650 Li-ion cell has 0.6 grams of lithium content. On a typical 60 Wh laptop battery with 8 cells (4 in series and 2 in parallel), this adds up to 4.8g.

I concur that the availability of resources is a critical piece of information that should never be disregarded when formulating a new technology. I'd guess batteries made from unobtanium would be the most energy-efficient, but where's the supply?

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#16
In reply to #13

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 9:25 AM

Give me a $10 million 5 year grant to research, and I will determine if new sources of unobtainium can be developed for the succcessful inplementation of your new technology! If the higher efficiencies are there, we'll make a fortune!

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#19
In reply to #16

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 12:13 PM

I was thinking along those lines myself...

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#15

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 9:09 AM

There would appear to be one aspect that nobody has looked at. that is the recyclability of LiIon batteries. That is the nice thing about metals, they can be reused over and over again.

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#17

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 9:50 AM

Holy cow, if we use up all the lithium, all the manic-depressives will go totally wild!

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#27
In reply to #17

Re: How Much Lithium is in a Lithium-Ion Battery?

10/28/2008 9:53 PM

Please see dkwarner 's comment number 25 for the solution to this problem and be carefully about mentioning cows, holy or any other kind as you may offend the rabid guest that is haunting this thread.

BAB

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