Previous in Forum: Microwaves   Next in Forum: 1449 3rd Edition
Close
Close
Close
37 comments
Rating: Comments: Nested
Guru
United Kingdom - Member - Olde Member!! Engineering Fields - Instrumentation Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Dunstable, England
Posts: 2821
Good Answers: 45

A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 10:46 AM

With the abundance of mobile telephones and now internet capable phones etc... I wondered what it would be like to have to go back 20 years when mobile phones were only just becoming available....

Just suppose.... A scientific study shows that the decimation of the honey bee population is being caused by the widespread use of mobile phones..... To keep our crops pollinated and give us sufficient food the governments decide to ban the use of mobile phones...

What do you think the effect would be on todays society if all mobile phones were banned????

__________________
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing - Googling is far worse!
Register to Reply
Interested in this topic? By joining CR4 you can "subscribe" to
this discussion and receive notification when new comments are added.

"Almost" Good Answers:

Check out these comments that don't yet have enough votes to be "official" good answers and, if you agree with them, vote them!
Power-User
Popular Science - Weaponology - New Member Hobbies - Fishing - New Member

Join Date: Mar 2007
Location: US - NC
Posts: 316
Good Answers: 9
#1

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 10:53 AM

Good question - on a personal note I still don't have a mobile device - The Wife & children do, but we could very easily survive without...

Lose the devices - save those Bees!!

Register to Reply
Guru
Hobbies - CNC - New Member Hobbies - DIY Welding - New Member Engineering Fields - Electromechanical Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Aug 2007
Posts: 23647
Good Answers: 420
#2
In reply to #1

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 11:03 AM

cell phones are being embedded in our society.

Like the most of us when we went to college, we had none of that. and if we called home once a week it was lucky.

I personally hate cell phones, but I dropped my landline and keep my cell on at home (most of times) and basically treat it as a land phone. unless traveling for work.

To take that away now, it would be a heck of a withdrawl...........but it would pressure cell phone company's to lower its charges/ uuhhmmmm.

__________________
“ When people get what they want, they are often surprised when they get what they deserve " - James Wood
Register to Reply
Guru
United Kingdom - Member - Olde Member!! Engineering Fields - Instrumentation Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Dunstable, England
Posts: 2821
Good Answers: 45
#3
In reply to #1

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 11:03 AM

I think the majority of us over 50 year olds would find it not too much of a nuisance...

BUT the youngsters of today almost sleep with their mobiles, they treat them as essential items... Not as a useful gadget.

It got me thinking last night about how society would react to (even a recently introduced item) a complete ban on something which is now taken for granted....

__________________
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing - Googling is far worse!
Register to Reply
Guru
Popular Science - Weaponology - Scapolie, new member.

Join Date: Jan 2007
Posts: 1058
Good Answers: 8
#8
In reply to #3

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 2:40 PM

Hi Electroman,

You are quite right, I am 64 years old and have never owned a mobile phone, and never will.

The reason being that I do not want to be in contact 24 hours a day, there has to be at least twelve hours me time every day in my life!

If by any chance I want to talk to someone far away I use my landline, when i'm at home that is.

Spencer.

Register to Reply
Anonymous Poster
#4

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 12:13 PM

Not to worry. It's the circle of life.

Cell phones kill off most of the bees. Crops go unpollenated. Humans starve and most die off. Cell use declines rapidly. The bees some day bounce back. With increasing pollenation, the humans eventually rebound and start using cells again. Repeat next verse, same as the first.

Maybe over time natural selection favors cell-resistant bees OR cell-use resistant humans. Or both.

It's kind of beautiful, really.

Register to Reply Score 1 for Good Answer
Guru
Safety - ESD - New Member Popular Science - Cosmology - Amateur Astronomer Technical Fields - Technical Writing - Writer India - Member - Regular CR4 participant Engineering Fields - Optical Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: 18 29 N 73 57E
Posts: 1390
Good Answers: 31
#35
In reply to #4

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/28/2009 3:01 AM

GA

(Unfortunately, being guest, it will not be counted)

Immediately on reading the post, I thought exactly the same.

Register to Reply
Guru
Hobbies - Musician - Engineering Fields - Chemical Engineering - New Member Engineering Fields - Control Engineering - New Member Engineering Fields - Instrumentation Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Jan 2007
Location: Moses Lake, WA, USA, Thulcandra - The Silent Planet (C.S. Lewis)
Posts: 4216
Good Answers: 194
#5

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 12:51 PM

I wouldn't miss it a bit. There would be a lot fewer traffic accidents.

__________________
"Reason is not automatic. Those who deny it cannot be conquered by it. Do not count on them. Leave them alone." - Ayn Rand
Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: Tech Valley, NY
Posts: 3546
Good Answers: 15
#12
In reply to #5

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 3:19 PM

Speaking of traffic accidents, I just saw this in the news...

Obama Bans Federal Employees From Texting While Driving via WashPost

Could this be the beginning of a bigger legislative decision on this issue?

----
I am with some of the other people here in that I could live without a cellphone. I'm in my 20s and currently use a cell as my primary phone, because it was the easiest option when I was in college. Now, I am considering going to a home phone when my contract is up....I hardly ever answer the damn thing when I'm out in public or with other people anyway - I think that is just rude most of the time.

__________________
Sharkles
Register to Reply
Guru
Popular Science - Weaponology - New Member United Kingdom - Member - New Member

Join Date: May 2007
Location: Harlow England
Posts: 16512
Good Answers: 670
#6

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 12:51 PM

It's amazing how quickly you adapt to not having something...why I've even managed without CR4 whilst on holiday.
If we had no cars we'd soon get used to public transport and walking.
Just think about your mobile phone calls over a day or week...how many were essential...
'Hi, I'm in Sainsbury's...which shampoo was it you wanted?'
I mean do we give a sh*t? You buy the wrong shampoo...nobody dies.

Ban all telecoms I say..it's all the work of the devil...or a squirrel...
Del

__________________
health warning: These posts may contain traces of nut.
Register to Reply
Power-User

Join Date: Aug 2009
Posts: 205
Good Answers: 1
#7

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 2:28 PM

Electroman

You could rephrase the example to read "pocket calculators" instead of cell phones!

We "Ancients" would have no problem taking our slide rules out of retirement, but the

younger generation would be inconvenienced.

P.S I had A "jammin" slide rule

Best Regards

K

__________________
To Be Is To Do...Kant , To Do Is To Be... Sarte, Do Be Do Be Do... Sinatra
Register to Reply
Guru
United Kingdom - Member - Olde Member!! Engineering Fields - Instrumentation Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Dunstable, England
Posts: 2821
Good Answers: 45
#10
In reply to #7

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 3:05 PM

I still have my slide rule!! its sat on a shelf only a few yards away, I never use it though.

The reason I picked on mobile phones was because they seem to be becoming a mixture of an entertainment module with communication facilities, and because I did read a report that Indian scientists had found a link between degrading bee colonies and microwave communication devices (mobiles).

I have a mobile, I was given it some years ago.... I rarely turn it on except to see the time, but I'm sure if I had an accident or needed help it would be extremely useful..

__________________
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing - Googling is far worse!
Register to Reply
Guru
Hobbies - CNC - New Member Hobbies - DIY Welding - New Member Engineering Fields - Electromechanical Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Aug 2007
Posts: 23647
Good Answers: 420
#13
In reply to #7

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 4:05 PM

Slide rule not since a freshman in high school.

But one time, I was late for work and grab the TV remote by mistake instead of my calculator.

I almost felt........ naked without my calculator.

Is there some sort of support group for that?

p911

__________________
“ When people get what they want, they are often surprised when they get what they deserve " - James Wood
Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Jul 2007
Posts: 4448
Good Answers: 143
#17
In reply to #7

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 7:45 PM

Oh you faddish kids and your new-fangled gadgets!! Aren't log tables good enough? I actually still have one and I can, if I remember to take my Aricept iv push, still use it a little.

__________________
"Well, I've wrestled with reality for 35 years, Doctor, and I'm happy to state I finally won out over it." Elwood P. Dowd
Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Nov 2007
Posts: 519
Good Answers: 11
#23
In reply to #7

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 8:12 AM

If the invention of the handheld calculator had never come out then the "younger generation" would have been taught to use the slide rule as well. There would be no inconvenience for us either.

Register to Reply
Guru
Safety - ESD - New Member Popular Science - Cosmology - Amateur Astronomer Technical Fields - Technical Writing - Writer India - Member - Regular CR4 participant Engineering Fields - Optical Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: 18 29 N 73 57E
Posts: 1390
Good Answers: 31
#36
In reply to #7

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/28/2009 3:09 AM

We "Ancients" would have no problem taking our slide rules

Even We "Ancients of Ancients" would have no problem without taking our slide rules. Majority of calculations, particularly additions , we do faster than young generation with calculators, even without use of paper+pen. Multiplcations without any instrument fairly accurate with no paper+pen and equally accurate with paper+pen.

Yes, divisions are bit difficult without paper and pen.

Register to Reply Off Topic (Score 5)
Guru
New Zealand - Member - Kiwi Popular Science - Weaponology - New Member Engineering Fields - Power Engineering - New Member Engineering Fields - Electrical Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Sep 2006
Location: Auckland, New Zealand
Posts: 8777
Good Answers: 376
#9

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 3:01 PM

What do you think the effect would be on todays society if all mobile phones were banned????

No texting SMS language for one.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_language

The world has enough acronims as it is, I don't want to learn that "omlp" stands for "Oh My Lordy Potato" and that "tmlae" stands for "The most ludicrous abbreviation ever".

But most importantly I certainly don't want to recieve emails, answer technical questions or review written reports or CV's written in or containing SMS shorthand, which is becoming a rather dangerous and all to common norm for todays students (I am sure many of us here have come across examples of this, and not just on CR4).

Forget the possible invisible (and ignorantly overhyped) potential threat of RF radiation damaging our brains, I say SMS is the real danger created by cellphones to society.

WHO'S WITH ME!

__________________
jack of all trades
Register to Reply
Guru
United Kingdom - Member - Olde Member!! Engineering Fields - Instrumentation Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Dunstable, England
Posts: 2821
Good Answers: 45
#11
In reply to #9

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 3:11 PM

I agree 100% with that.... its too common today to see a message ending in :-) or LOL etc...

If they could speak decent English then they should be able to express themselves sufficiently well not to have to use these annoying 'emoticons' or abbreviations!!

__________________
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing - Googling is far worse!
Register to Reply
Guru
Popular Science - Weaponology - New Member United Kingdom - Member - New Member

Join Date: May 2007
Location: Harlow England
Posts: 16512
Good Answers: 670
#14
In reply to #11

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 4:32 PM

Oh deary me no...to keep up wiv todays youf you need to agree at least 110%

__________________
health warning: These posts may contain traces of nut.
Register to Reply
Guru
United Kingdom - Member - Olde Member!! Engineering Fields - Instrumentation Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Dunstable, England
Posts: 2821
Good Answers: 45
#15
In reply to #14

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 4:43 PM

You're determined to get to the 10,000 post aren't you?

__________________
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing - Googling is far worse!
Register to Reply Off Topic (Score 5)
Guru
Popular Science - Weaponology - New Member United Kingdom - Member - New Member

Join Date: May 2007
Location: Harlow England
Posts: 16512
Good Answers: 670
#16
In reply to #15

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 5:09 PM

You may think that, I couldn't possibly comment

__________________
health warning: These posts may contain traces of nut.
Register to Reply Off Topic (Score 5)
Power-User

Join Date: Aug 2009
Posts: 205
Good Answers: 1
#18
In reply to #16

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 10:17 PM

Del, You are still a"Very Bad Kitty" Please stop your incessant 'Scratching"

__________________
To Be Is To Do...Kant , To Do Is To Be... Sarte, Do Be Do Be Do... Sinatra
Register to Reply Off Topic (Score 5)
Guru
Safety - ESD - New Member Popular Science - Cosmology - Amateur Astronomer Technical Fields - Technical Writing - Writer India - Member - Regular CR4 participant Engineering Fields - Optical Engineering - New Member

Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: 18 29 N 73 57E
Posts: 1390
Good Answers: 31
#37
In reply to #15

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/28/2009 3:13 AM

he has already at 10180!

Register to Reply Off Topic (Score 5)
Guru

Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 1011
Good Answers: 25
#27
In reply to #14

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 2:56 PM

Del 200!!!,

Cockney is English.

Jon

Register to Reply
Guru
Popular Science - Weaponology - New Member United Kingdom - Member - New Member

Join Date: May 2007
Location: Harlow England
Posts: 16512
Good Answers: 670
#28
In reply to #27

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 3:52 PM

Again?.... it's gone 198,199,200,199,198,199,200.
I'm getting dizzy.
Del

__________________
health warning: These posts may contain traces of nut.
Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 1011
Good Answers: 25
#29
In reply to #28

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 4:41 PM

Del the cat,

Your friends are messing with you. check the "Break the Bathtub" dicussion.

Personally I think it would be cool if your numbers toggled at 10000 and 200 at the same time but I wont interfere with it.

Jon

Register to Reply
Guru
Popular Science - Weaponology - New Member United Kingdom - Member - New Member

Join Date: May 2007
Location: Harlow England
Posts: 16512
Good Answers: 670
#30
In reply to #29

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 4:48 PM

Yeah, I know...I have to let the Squirrel have his fun, else he chews through the keyboard.

__________________
health warning: These posts may contain traces of nut.
Register to Reply Off Topic (Score 5)
Guru

Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 1011
Good Answers: 25
#31
In reply to #30

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 7:48 PM
Register to Reply Off Topic (Score 5)
Guru

Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: Bangalore, India
Posts: 725
Good Answers: 24
#19

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/01/2009 11:21 PM

Many years back a study (whimsical) was conducted to decry overuse of statistics. This showed that in the locations studied in New York the density of telephones (landlines) correlated positively with the incidence of cardiac problems. Conclusion: Telephones cause cardiac problems. Later the same data was evaluated from a different angle. Stress related to excessive use of phones could actually lead to cardiac troubles. In the large corporation I work for the chairman was the last but one to get a cell phone. I was the last. Use it minimally. Quite often forget to take it with me. Birds and bees get my vote.

__________________
bioramani
Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 1011
Good Answers: 25
#26
In reply to #19

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 2:52 PM

Bio,

The use of margarine in place of butter was around that time and it is well known that margarine is not good for the heart and circulatory system.

It could be said, therefore, that the combination of margarine and telephone stress is bad for the heart.

Oily fingers add to the stress because of dropped handsets and dropped calls.

Jon

Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 1011
Good Answers: 25
#20

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 2:24 AM

Electroman,

Most bees don't live near cel phones or towers. I live near cell towers and the bees are just as abundant as they always were.

There are other factors in the environment that kill bees.

The beekeeper's biggest enemy in recent years has been a miniature, blood-red arachnid called the varroa mite. A remarkably adaptive, ticklike creature, the mite burrows into unborn brood and adults alike, feeding, as a tick does, on the bee's body fluids. It is a predation that slowly saps the strength and vigor from a hive, either killing the brood outright or causing deformities that weaken adult bees and make them more susceptible to viruses. And this mite is — besides labor, pasture, honey prices, pollination prices, bacteria, fungi, unpleasant neighbors and other invading insects — what beekeepers think most about these days.
This varroa mite "swaggers like a colossus across beekeeping in North America."

The parasite, which is endemic to Asia, first arrived on U.S. shores in 1987, most likely smuggled in some eager apiarist's luggage. (Bee importation has been illegal in this country since 1922.) It caused negligible damage in Europe, where it first appeared in 1908, because the beekeeping industry is smaller and far less mobile. In the U.S., however, the mite jumped from hive to hive with alarming rapidity. "In the U.S., beekeepers are a bunch of mechanized gypsies, moving from crop to crop all through the year chasing pollination fees and honey flows. "Because of all this unnatural movement, some colonies get stressed, and they may be more susceptible."

During the first wave of infestation, the varroa killed nearly every feral colony on the continent. Well-kept colonies however, escaped major damage, because application of a common miticide kept the bug in check. Over the course of the next decade, though, the mites developed resistance to that treatment. They acquired immunity to a second compound after only three or four years. And in the winter of 2005, beekeepers realized, too late, that the current medicines were no longer working. No bee pollination operation was untouched.

Jon

Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Aug 2005
Location: Hemel Hempstead, UK
Posts: 5826
Good Answers: 322
#21

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 5:41 AM

Apparently, Alexander Graham Bell is quoted whilst working in a lab in "later life" in Canada: "I could get a lot more work done if that damned phone didn't keep ringing".

__________________
If you spend all your time looking for people and things to complain about: trust me, you will find plenty to complain about.
Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: Mumbai, India
Posts: 1983
Good Answers: 25
#22

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 7:43 AM

I was reluctant to buy one but my son gifted me on my birthday 5 years back. He also taught me how to use it. After that I found it to be wonderful gadget.

I can use it in emergencies. I can be contacted any where if I am not at home.I can send SMS to friends and clients.

If I am out of city I can be in touch with my family and keep them informed my location.If I am meeting someone at any point I can locate the person with help of cell. And so many advantages.

Suresh Shama.

__________________
"Engineers should not look for jobs but should create jobs for others" by Dr.Radhakrishnan Ex President of India during my college graduation day
Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Nov 2007
Posts: 519
Good Answers: 11
#24

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 8:21 AM

I think the first iteration of the mobile phone was the car bag phone right? I'm too young to remember any technology before that. I think we would have to eliminate that too in this discussion.

Without cell phones, communication would be much slower on a business end which would mean people would rely more on the internet for communication or another new technology that might have been invented instead of the cell phone.

Actually, if you think about it no cell phones would mean that we probably haven't started using wireless technology. That would mean we would eliminate a lot more technology than just the cell phone.

Of course this would also mean that text messaging would have never been invented so the human race as a whole would probably be much literate and have a much better grasp of the English language (speaking from the US point of view). I've noticed that my generation spends a majority of their time texting or talking on cell phones which has greatly decreased our productivity. Heck, I have some friends in college that spend most of their class time texting or on Facebook. I don't know how you can learn while distracted like that.

Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 1011
Good Answers: 25
#32
In reply to #24

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 8:14 PM

Cingold,

The Laser Tin can phone would have been the way to go. Better distance than the waxed string.

Jon

Register to Reply
Power-User
Hobbies - CNC - New Member Hobbies - Musician - New Member

Join Date: Jan 2007
Location: South Africa Johannesburg
Posts: 187
Good Answers: 3
#25

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/02/2009 8:26 AM

Personally wouldn't mind a large EMP to take out all electronic gadgets....then I can sell papers on the street corner

__________________
Think and move like an electron
Register to Reply
Guru
Brazil - Member - New Member Engineering Fields - Mechanical Engineering - New Member Hobbies - RC Aircraft - New Member Hobbies - Target Shooting - New Member Hobbies - Automotive Performance - Hey there... interested in exchanging information about car performance? Hobbies - DIY Welding - New Member

Join Date: Jan 2007
Location: Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil 30deg01'39.73"S 51deg13'43.45"W
Posts: 831
Good Answers: 28
#33

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/03/2009 8:34 PM

Ah! It would be a relief...

Apart of jokes, I'm sure industry would come up with some solution, like changing the frequency band to another that would nt affect the bees. Or even another more advanced device based om quantic coupling to make communication devices. Who knows? The necessity is the mother of all advances. Its not a surprise that in war times technology advances so faster.

__________________
Humm... suspicious you are...
Register to Reply
Guru

Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 1011
Good Answers: 25
#34
In reply to #33

Re: A Hypothetical Question???

10/03/2009 8:57 PM

Bhrescobar,

I will repeat this for you as it seems you didn't see it.

Most bees don't live near cel phones or towers. I live near cell towers and the bees are just as abundant as they always were.

There are other factors in the environment that kill bees.

The beekeeper's biggest enemy in recent years has been a miniature, blood-red arachnid called the varroa mite. A remarkably adaptive, ticklike creature, the mite burrows into unborn brood and adults alike, feeding, as a tick does, on the bee's body fluids. It is a predation that slowly saps the strength and vigor from a hive, either killing the brood outright or causing deformities that weaken adult bees and make them more susceptible to viruses. And this mite is — besides labor, pasture, honey prices, pollination prices, bacteria, fungi, unpleasant neighbors and other invading insects — what beekeepers think most about these days.
This varroa mite "swaggers like a colossus across beekeeping in North America."

The parasite, which is endemic to Asia, first arrived on U.S. shores in 1987, most likely smuggled in some eager apiarist's luggage. (Bee importation has been illegal in this country since 1922.) It caused negligible damage in Europe, where it first appeared in 1908, because the beekeeping industry is smaller and far less mobile. In the U.S., however, the mite jumped from hive to hive with alarming rapidity. "In the U.S., beekeepers are a bunch of mechanized gypsies, moving from crop to crop all through the year chasing pollination fees and honey flows. "Because of all this unnatural movement, some colonies get stressed, and they may be more susceptible."

During the first wave of infestation, the varroa killed nearly every feral colony on the continent. Well-kept colonies however, escaped major damage, because application of a common miticide kept the bug in check. Over the course of the next decade, though, the mites developed resistance to that treatment. They acquired immunity to a second compound after only three or four years. And in the winter of 2005, beekeepers realized, too late, that the current medicines were no longer working. No bee pollination operation was untouched.

Jon

Register to Reply
Register to Reply 37 comments

"Almost" Good Answers:

Check out these comments that don't yet have enough votes to be "official" good answers and, if you agree with them, vote them!
Copy to Clipboard

Users who posted comments:

Anonymous Poster (1); bhrescobar (1); bioramani (1); cingold (2); CUTiger (1); Electroman (4); gsuhas (3); jack of all trades (1); kay williams (2); kudukdweller9 (7); madness (1); Mikerho (1); phoenix911 (2); Randall (1); Scapolie (1); Sharkles (1); suresh sharma (1); TVP45 (1); user-deleted-1105 (5)

Previous in Forum: Microwaves   Next in Forum: 1449 3rd Edition

Advertisement