Impulse

Momentum p = mv; energy E = ½mv². Is either of these what you mean?

Do you mean inertia perhaps?

Yes,

Impulse (physics)

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Classical mechanics
Newton's Second Law
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In classical mechanics, an impulse (abbreviated I or J) is defined as the integral of a force with respect to time. When a force is applied to a rigid body it changes the momentum of that body. A small force applied for a long time can produce the same momentum change as a large force applied briefly, because it is the product of the force and the time for which it is applied that is important. The impulse is equal to the change of momentum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_%28physics%29

No. Not if the body is moving at a constant speed.