Can You Please Help With These Neuroimaging Questions That I Cannot Find Online

Can you please help with these 13 questions in Neuroimaging, and neuroscience. I want to see if its possible to combine all types of neuroimaging together like FMRI, PET, CT, MEG, EEG, X-Rays, Digital Holographic Microscopy, and other types of Microscopy, and modify, upgrade, and push these neuroimaging machines to their maximum potential limits, to be able to see 1000 neurons in the brain non-invasively communicating with each other in real time like in a movie clip, and not like in a still image photograph. They can do something like this with Big Brain, created by the European human brain project. With Big Brain you can see a into a brain non-invasively, and magnify a image in the brain up to 20 microns, to see in detail what the brain looks like at those small scales. But we are a long way from being able to do this in a living mouse, or human brain in real time. So how can we advance current MRI, PET, MEG, and other brain scanning technologies to be able to magnify a image non-invasively in a living mouse, or humans brain to see the electro chemical activity happening in 1000 neurons, in the hippocampus. The yet to be built INUMAC MRI machine will be able to magnify a image in the brain up to 0.1mm which is around 1000 neurons, but can they do this in 3D. If you could see a living human brain in the same way they use Big Brain to magnify, and see the brain up close non-invasively, and if you could see into the hippocampus in a living human in 3D. If you could use the PET technique to see activity in a small group of neurons, or a gene therapy approach technique, like they used on the mice at Stanford University, to see the activity happening with their neurons in real time. If you could do all these techniques together, do you think it could be possible to know which group of neurons, in the hippocampus are associated with a certain kind of memory. So if a person thinks of something random like a screwdriver, you could see which neurons in the hippocampus are firing, so then you could know which neurons are the memories of the screwdriver. If you could advance, modify and upgrade MRI, PET, CT, and MEG to their maximum potential limits, to see into the brain the same way as they do with Big Brain, and see the electro chemical signals happening in real time, with the PET, and gene therapy approach techniques. Do you think it could be possible to find what group of neurons firing in the hippocampus, are associated with a certain kind of memory. To be able to see how neurons communicate, and process stimulus, you would just need to be able to magnify neurons in the brain enough to see 1500 to 3000 neurons on a computer screen. If we can work together, and discuss the technological limitations of MRI, and other neuroimaging techniques, and talk about how we can improve, upgrade, modify, and push these neuroimaging techniques to their maximum potential limits. I think we could find a way to magnify, and view 1000, or less neurons in the human brain, communicating with each other in real time, in 3D. Being able to magnify just up to see 3000 neurons on a computer screen, would be enough for you to clearly be able to see the neurons firing, and communicating with each other, so you could see how stimulus effects the neurons, and what patterns of neurons communicating, and firing in certain areas of the hippocampus are associated with which memory the person is thinking of at the time. Just being able to see around 3000 neurons on a computer screen is the key. If you could zoom into the brain in 2D, then record each 2D section layer, then you could put the 2D sections layers together to form a 3D image, of the brain tissue. If you could do this in real time to see neuron activity, you could see what neurons fire in response to which type of stimulus a person see's, or is thinking of. Being able to see neurons in this way, is the key to understanding brain diseases like Parkinson's, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease Can you please help answer these questions below, when you have time, the questions below are the key for me to being able to understand more about neuroimaging, and neuroscience, and maybe being able to engineer a neuroimaging machine that can see into the brain, up to 1000 neurons or less in real time. The questions below are questions that I Cannot get the answers to from the internet Online, and these questions are not homework questions. Can you help with these Neuroimaging Questions, when you have time when your not busy, no rush. Question 1. Is it possible to combine 3 photon microscopy, with X-Rays, or FMRI, PET, and CT machines, to be able to see the brain better. Because in airports they use X-rays that can see into peoples luggage in real time as it passes through the X-Ray machine on the conveyor belt. So can X-Rays be used to X-Ray the skull so that it could be possible to make the skull of the animal, or person transparent in real time, like the X-Ray machines make the surface of the bag transparent to see the objects inside. Then when the skull is made transparent by the x-Ray, the 3 photon microscopy machine would then start to image the brain. So it's as if the the X-Ray machine had made the human skull transparent like glass, so that the microscopy machine could see past the skull, and deeper into the brain. 3 photon microscopy can just see around 1.7mm deep into brain a mouses brain tissue, and just see deep enough to see into the mouse hippocampus. The human skull is too thick for microscopy to get through, microscopy can see 1.7mm deep from the surface of the mouses brain, with the mouses skull being completely removed. So by making the skull transparent with X-Rays it's like the skull has been completely removed, and it gives extra distance for the microscopy machine, if it can start to image from the surface of the brain, rather than from the surface of the skull. Researchers say the depth limit of microscopy can be improved, and increased to see deeper into the mouses brain. So could combining microscopy, with X-Rays, or other kinds of neuroimaging work, and make the skull transparent in real time, like it was made of glass, so that microscopy could image through the skull to see the brain better. Question 2. How much can the most advanced FMRI, PET, CT, Digital Holographic Microscopy, and the Bruker made BioSpec 170/25 FMRI machine, or others magnify a image in the human brain non-invasively, or invasively. Can these machines see a clear image in the human, ape, or mouse brain up to 100 microns small, or smaller up to 10 microns invasively, or non-invasively, and see the electro chemicals communicating with each other in real time like in a movie, not a still photograph. Can you see the neurons firing, and communicating with each other in real time like in a movie clip, or can you just see the neurons in the hippocampus in still image photographs. Is the 3 photon microscopy technique that is used to see through the layers of brain tissue in a mouses brain, to get as close to the hippocampus as possible, can this technique be done in a living mouse, or just a non living mouse brain. Also if you were going to use 3 photon microscopy on a human, is the problem of the thickness of the human skull, the biggest problem, because 3 photon microscopy can only see around 1.7mm in depth in the mouses brain, do you have to remove the skull on the mouses brain, to get more depth to see into the brain of the mouse. The shortest route to the hippocampus from the surface of the skull in a human, is probably two and a half , to three inches going in from the side if the head, rarther than the top of the head, I think it is a shorter distance going in from the side of the head. So if you could increase the depth of your microscopy equipment to be able to penetrate up to three inches, you should be able to see whats happening in the human hippocampus, to see the firing, and communicating of neurons, when you show the person certain kinds of stimulus. Also Will the yet to be built, INUMAC FMRI machine be able to see into the brain better in real time, than 3 photon microscopy. Question 3. Can you see the electro chemical signals traveling through the neurons in real time using neuroimaging, Can you magnify a image, up to 100 microns, or smaller to see the electro chemical signals traveling through the dendrites, through the neuron, and through the synapses. Can you see the electro chemical activity happening in neurons in real time like in a movie clip, and not just in a still image pictures. Question 4. Is the 3 photon microscopy technique that you use to see through the layers of brain tissue in a mouses brain, to get as close to the hippocampus as possible, can this technique be done in a living mouse. Question 5. Can the hippocampus in chimp, or human be mapped, and what would be the best way to do it. The yet to be built INUMAC FMRI machine will be able to see 0.1 mm into the brain, which is around 1000 neurons, there are microscopes that have magnified up to 700 neurons in a mouse's hippocampus, at Stanford University, but this was done invasively, if you were going to do it in a chimps brain, you would need to be able to get to the hippocampus non-invasively. Because the hippocampus in a chimps brain is encased by one and a half, to two inches of brain tissue. Then to see the electro and chemical signals traveling through the neurons, you would have to use the gene therapy approach, using a green florescent protein that stimulates when the neuron fired. When the neuron fired calcium ions naturally flood the cell, this triggers the protein, and the neurons glow bright green, so researchers can see the activity happening in real time, like in a movie clip, with the neurons. So when the mouse is in it's arena researchers at Stanford can tell which part of the arena the mouse is in by looking at which groups of neurons fire, and which do not. So with the INUMAC FMRI machine, combined with MEG, and using the gene therapy approach, by injecting the green florescent protein into the chimps brain to see the neurons communicating with each other, is this the best way to attempt to try and map a chimps Hippocampus. Or is their a better way to approach mapping the chimps Hippocampus. If the were a lot of people working on mapping the neurons, say 5000 people associating what groups of neurons fire with which memory could this be the best way to map the hippocampus. Would it take maybe more people, if their are 100,000 neurons per cubic millimeter. Also how many neurons do you estimate their are in the hippocampus. Question 6. Researchers at Stanford can use a gene therapy approach to cause a mouse's neurons to express a green fluorescent protein that is engineered to be sensitive to the presence of calcium ions. When a neuron fires, the cell naturally floods with calcium ions, calcium stimulates the protein, causing the entire cell to fluoresce bright green. Can this technique only be done in mice, and rats, can the same technique to see neurons fluoresce be done in chimps, apes, and even humans. Or can this gene technique only be done genetically with mice from birth. Question 7. Using Halorhodopsin in Optogenetics can you erase a memory permanently, or just temporarily. So if you can silence neurons with Halorhodopsin, can you erase them permanently, or are they just silenced temporarily, while the orange light is being shined on to them, and because they cannot shine the orange light on them forever, so can they just turn off neurons for a period to of time. So can memories be erased using Halorhdopsin, or just temporarily be turned off with orange light for a period of time. Question 8. Can you help me with this other optogenetics question, Can you find out what groups of neurons in your hippocampus hold which memories you have with optogenetics. Using Optogenetics you can activate groups of neurons with Chanelrhodopsin, using blue light, and silence, or turn off neurons using Halorhodopsin, using orange, or yellow light. At Stanford University they can use a microscope implanted into a mouses's brain to see a mouse's electro, and chemical activity traveling through its neurons like in a movie happening in real time. They can see up to 700 neurons, so that's around roughly 100 microns small, then they use a gene therapy approach to cause a mouse's neurons to express a green fluorescent protein that is engineered to be sensitive to the presence of calcium ions. When a neuron fires, the cell naturally floods with calcium ions, calcium stimulates the protein, causing the entire cell to fluoresce bright green. So the researchers can tell where the mouse is in its arena by say looking at what which neurons fire in the hippocampus, but they can only get a rough idea of which neuron is associated wit which memory, So using Halorhodopsin could you find exactly what group of neurons is associated with a certain memory, with the technique I am about to explain to you below, So say eventually when we, or if we get to human testing, because you are already testing on monkeys right now. If you asked a person to recall a episodic memory of a place they have been to say, like the Lincoln memorial that they have that is located in the hippocampus, and you used chanelrhodopsin blue light to activate the memory in the hippocampus, could you find those specific neurons that hold that specific memory. Because the blue light would activate the neurons of the Lincoln memorial so the person would just start thinking of the Lincoln memorial as the blue light shines on specific neurons. Or you could do the opposite and use Halorhodopsin and use orange, or yellow light to turn of, or silence groups of neurons, to locate the groups of neurons of the Lincoln memorial. So when you ask the person to describe the visit to the Lincoln memorial, when he is describing it in words to you, when you shine blue light on the groups of neurons in his hippocampus, maybe he would just stop talking about the Lincoln memorial, because the Halorhodopsin yellow light has turned those groups of neurons off in his hippocampus. Or another way to do it would be to shine the yellow light on the groups of neurons that are associated with the memory of the Lincoln Memorial, and as you ask the person about the Lincoln Memorial he should not remember it, because the neurons are being silenced by yellow light. So you have there ways to find specific groups of neurons that hold certain memories using Optogenetics. So this is a way that I can think of to find specific groups of neurons in the brain that hold specific episodic memories, because you do not know which groups of neurons hold what memories, unless you have some kind of chemical dye that highlights the electro chemical activity happening in a certain group of neurons, I do not know if you have the technology to highlight electro chemical signals in neurons yet, it's something I need yet to study, and look into. So do you think you could find specific memories in the hippocampus using optogenetics like this. So if their are machines like 2 photon laser microscopy, or florescence microscopy that magnify neurons in the hippocampus enough, to around 100 microns, or less, to see the electro, and chemical signals traveling through the groups of neurons, if you can see the electro chemicals connecting at the synapse, I am guessing you could associate a certain memory with a certain group of neurons this way, if you have the microscopy technology to magnify a group of neurons this much, and are able to see the electro chemical signals traveling through a group of neurons in real time like in a movie clip, not still non moving picture screenshots. So using 2-Photon Laser Microscopy or some other form of advanced Microscopy, you could get a rough idea of what groups of neurons in the brain hold certain memories, and using Halorhodopsin you could find what neuron holds what memory exactly. But I think using Halorhodopsin is better at finding which neuron is which by a process of elimination by asking a person if he can remember the certain memory, as you shine yellow, or orange light on certain neurons to turn neurons off. So would switching neurons off, specifically in the hippocampus, with episodic memories do you think it is a better way to find a specific way to find groups if neurons in the hippocampus associated with a certain memory, using the technique I described earlier with the Lincoln Memorial. Question 9. With Optogenetics, How much can the blue, yellow and orange light, you shine on to the neurons, how small in a cubic area can the light be shined on to area. For example can you shine light on to a area 100 microns small. Question 10. Is there a way to use Optogenetics non invasively like the Gamma Knife. Using Optogenetics they have to remove part of the skull on a mouse,or monkey, in order to place the optical cables to control neurons using blue, and orange light. But can this be done non-invasively like how the Gamma Knife is used to treat people with brain tumors. Gamma Knife beams of radiation penetrate through the skull, and target the tumor without using surgery. So can only gamma rays, or other type rays like inferred rays, radio waves, ultra violet penetrate through the skull, and the brain, can it be done with rays of light, So can Optogenetics be used non-invasively. Question 11. Where is the memory stored in the neuron,When you think of a memory that is stored in your hippocampus, where is it stored in the neuron, is it stored in the nucleus, or the cell membrane maybe, I know groups of neurons work together to make up the memory, and one neuron does not hold one memory, so where is the memory exactly. Question 12. Do the electro chemical signals have to travel through every neuron in order for you to recall a memory. You can think of a random subject, and jump to another completely different random subject in your memory in a second, so your brain has sifted through hundreds of millions of neurons, maybe even billions, to find a memory, so your brain has sifted thriugh what is relevant to what is irrelevant in around a second. So do the electro chemicals have to travel through neurons. Question 13. The smallest area the Gamma Knife can treat a tumor in the brain is 4mm, but can the Gamma Knife treat a area in the brain smaller than this, and treat a area as small as 0.1mm or less. If it cannot treat a area smaller than 4mm, what need to be done to the Gamma Knife to modify, upgrade, and push the Gamma Knife machine to its maximum potential limits, to be able to to treat a area in the brain less than 0.1mm. Can it be done. Is it possible to destroy a group of neurons in a area smaller than 0.1mm. The Gamma Knife uses 192 holes, and the focused beams go through to treat tumors in the brain. If you decreased the amount of holes the focused beams of gamma radiation go through to treat the tumour, instead of using 192, if their were only say 20 holes, or less, for the focused gamma beams to go through, and meet in the center, would using just 20 beams of gamma radiation create a smaller beam area where all the beams meet in the center to destroy neurons in a area a small as 0.1mm or less. I want to see if its possible to eliminate groups of neurons in a area in the brain smaller than 0.1mm , which is 1000 neurons, I want to see if the Gamma knife can eliminate a group of 100 neurons, or smaller. If this cannot be done what has to be done to the Gamma Knife in terms of upgrading,modifying, and pushing the Gamma Knife to its full potential limits to be able to eliminate neurons on this 100 neurons small scale. Than you for your help with these questions.