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The Internet of Things (IoT) requires spatially distributed sensors, remote communications, isolated measurements, and remote control of motor speed and power supplies, to name a few. Electronic devices with different local commons will have to interact with each other, requiring galvanic isolation. The problem then is how to transmit the signal. This article describes a variety of signal isolation methods: optical coupling, magnetic, capacitive, and RF. Each has strengths and weaknesses. Other methods require circuits to generate, modulate, and demodulate high frequencies. There are standard ICs available that have these methods embedded.
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