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Today, November 11, is Veteran's Day in the United States. Originally known as Armistice Day, the date commemorates the end of the Great War – a conflict that acquired a number once the world learned that the "war to end all wars" was but an opening act. World War II, a longer and even bloodier conflict, followed World War I all too soon. Once again, military engineers heard the call of duty.
Building Roads through Hell
Military engineering, a discipline which dates back to at least Roman times, was an important part of the Allied victory during the Second World War. In 1942, the U.S. Army began rolling to Alaska on the road that "couldn't be built". In a triumph of men and machines over Mother Nature, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineering finished the Alaska Highway, a 1500-mile stretch of frozen road that connected airfields and radio ranging stations along the Northwest Staging Route (NWSR), a critical national-defense air corridor. Remarkably, the time to complete this "Glory Road to Tokyo" was less than eight months.
The Alaska Highway was an important achievement, of course, but it wasn't the only road through hell that the U.S. Army built. According to Lewis A. Pick, the general who oversaw the building of Burma's Ledo Road, that project was "the toughest job ever given to U.S. Army Engineers in wartime". Designed to re-establish a land supply route to China, the Ledo Road also serviced a pipeline that carried fuel. Through the jungle and over mountains, soldiers struggled to cut a 100-foot path. Surveyors who rode elephants guided bulldozer operators who, when pounded by monsoon rains, joked "that's not a river, it's the Ledo Road."
The World's Largest Office Building
Military engineering doesn't usually include office buildings, but World War II was unlike any previous conflict. On September 11, 1941 – some 60 years to the day before terrorists tried to destroy it – construction on the Pentagon began. Designed to house an army of workers within the U.S. Department of War, the Pentagon would become the world's largest office building.
During the summer of 1941, the head of the Army Quartermaster Corps' Construction Division ordered Lt. Col. Hugh J. Casey to design a 4 million sq. ft. office building - and to have the plans on his desk by Monday morning. With help from George H. Bergstrom, a prominent civilian architect, Lt. Col. Casey worked all weekend and met his deadline. The plans that Casey delivered called for a massive, five-sided, air-conditioned building to sit atop 29 acres in Arlington, Virginia.
Although the Pentagon's original plans called for two floors, the Department of War more than doubled the building's height after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Under the leadership of Gen. Leslie Groves, three crews of 4,000 worked around the clock to finish a building with five floors.
In April 1942, the first occupants moved into the building even though the grounds and exterior were incomplete. Yet even when Pentagon construction was finally finished in January 1943, Groves' wartime work wasn't done. As head of the Manhattan Project, he would oversee the war's most sensitive engineering plan – the building of an atomic bomb.
Resources
http://cr4.globalspec.com/blogentry/441
http://ledoroad.home.comcast.net/~ledoroad/Ledo_Main.html
http://cr4.globalspec.com/thread/2343
http://cr4.globalspec.com/thread/2085
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