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Today marks the forty-second anniversary of China's first atomic explosion. On October 16, 1964, an atomic bomb was detonated at Lop Nur, a group of seasonal salt lakes and marshes in northwestern China. The explosion made China the fifth member of the world's atomic club, joining the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and France. China's first nuclear test used uranium-235 (U235) and produced a yield of 22 kilotons (Kt). During a thirty-two-month period, China successfully exploded its first atomic bomb, launched its first nuclear missile (October 25, 1966), and detonated its first hydrogen bomb (June 14, 1967). China has repeatedly affirmed a nuclear no-first-use policy, most recently in July 2005.
During the 1950s, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics provided the People's Republic of China with substantial atomic assistance. In exchange for Chinese uranium, the Soviet Union provided its Communist ally with an experimental nuclear reactor, uranium processing facilities, and a cyclotron. As Sino-Soviet relations cooled, however, the Soviet Union withdrew both its technical advisors and its promise to provide a sample nuclear weapon. The implosion-style device that China detonated at Lop Nur alarmed China's former patron and surprised American intelligence analysts who had misidentified a facility that produced uranium tetrafluoride. China's ability to separate U235 and U238 isotopes via physical instead of chemical means also surprised those who predicted that the Chinese would, like the other members of the world's nuclear club, first develop a plutonium bomb.
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