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Speaking of Precision

Speaking of Precision is a knowledge preservation and thought leadership blog covering the precision machining industry, its materials and services. With over 36 years of hands on experience in steelmaking, manufacturing, quality, and management, Miles Free (Milo) Director of Industry Research and Technology at PMPA helps answer "How?" "With what?" and occasionally "Really?"

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Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

Posted October 22, 2010 9:00 AM by Milo

When present in substantial amounts, Nickel provides a number of benefits to steel.

And it's money, too!

Nickel's main contribution to steels is making them more forgiving of heat treatment variations. Think of it as the Heat Treater's Friend.

Nickel lowers the critical temperatures while widening the temperature range for effective quenching and tempering. Nickel also retards the decomposition of Austenite. Since nickel doesn't form carbides, it doesn't complicate the reheating for austenitizing process either.

Nickel contributes to an easier and more likely to be successful heat treatment.

Here are 5 Contributions Nickel makes to our alloy steel parts:

  1. Improved toughness (especially at low temperatures!)
  2. Simplified and more economical heat treatment (Money saved!)
  3. Increased hardenability (depth of hardness achievable)
  4. Less distortion during quenching (more good parts after Q&T!)
  5. Improved corrosion resistance (See this link- 2.1 % of GDP lost to corrosion!)

In addition to its appearance in the credits for 43XX, 46XX, and 86XX alloy steel grades, Nickel is a major component of Stainless Steels, Invar, Monel, and Inconel.

Machinist hint: When you see Nickel as a major ingredient in steel, avoid tool dwell and light cuts. Nickel contributes to a material's work-hardening ability.

Photo credit - Noble Coins

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#1

Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/22/2010 11:51 PM

Rather interesting bit of Nickel trivia (at least to me.)

Something like 60% of all the Nickel ever mined came from a single deposit near Sudbury Canada. This deposit is an ancient asteroid impact crater and the nickel (and copper, gold, and platinum group metals) is the remains of the asteroid.

And that was just ONE ASTEROID. and there are hundreds of thousands of them of a similar size in our solar system, Thousands of them cross the Earths' orbit.

Anybody still think mining the Asteroids is crazy? we've been doing it for over a hundred years already.

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Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/23/2010 3:31 AM

Should be done the sooner the better.

A space probe with a strong? ion-drive to bring up there will cost 199 to 300 M$.

If the ion-drive needs 20 years - why not.

To use the moon as a decelerator: proven technology.

To cut chinks of 10 tons each: no idea how to do that as no circular saw available.

To bring down the chunks to a mining area will have

to dissipate 0.5 x 104Kg x 108 m2/s2 or 0.5 TJ.

Atmospheric drag will eat some of this - I have no idea how much and how dependant on mass.

0.5TJ as an explosive is equivalent to 100 tons of TNT.

So any desert would be suitable as mining ground.

Steering into a slowly shrinking orbit may be a challenge.

So the main obstacle seems to be the unknown cutting operation.

Cost calculation per ton?

Do you know if Norilsk is of the same origin?

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#5
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Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/23/2010 1:40 PM

why not select asteroids that are already in the size range you are looking for? that eliminates the need to cut them at all. or you could set up a solar mirror to smelt it in orbit (in vacuum!) and cast it into standard sized/shaped ingots with cast-in mounts for single use deorbit rocket/guidance packages, and just let em impact out in say the salton sea, or offshore florida, or the Great Salt Lake, or just in the middle of the nevada desert or white sands new mexico.

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#6
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Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/24/2010 3:44 AM

why not select asteroids that are already in the size range you are looking for?

A cheap tugboat will not be available for some time to come?

I was thinking about minimum 1000 tons to bring here, crack while orbiting, send down the pieces. Maybe no active steering is necessary at touch down.

Smelting and casting will be possible but likely as a second approach.

Cracking by heat (thermal gradients) may be possible too but I don't know of this is possible with FeNi of high Ni-content.

Maybe cracking with directed blasting is working?

Any desert will be suitable landing place.

So I would start today or tomorrow with this action. Depending on Gold and Platinum and other valuable metals content this may be profitable soon.

Can we analyse the chemical composition out there in their momentary orbit to select the best big fishes? Excited by solar plasma this may be possible. Reflection spectrum?

1000 tons Fe 60%, Ni 30%, Gold and precious 0.1% will give near $ 3M for Ni and $ 40 M for Gold etc, at cost above $ 300 M ???

So we will have to search for more precious, 10% would be good.

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#7
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Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/24/2010 10:16 AM

Ah, but how much of that 300M is NRE to be amortized over say 10 years or so?

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Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/24/2010 4:26 PM

Nothing like this.

Cost is roughest possible estimate, taken from typical cost for a 2 ton geostationary communication satellite.

All these thinkings seem to be near reality only with a very clever multiple swingby approach. But how to start the first?

So may be we have to wait for another 50 years or more???

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#9
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Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/30/2010 12:14 PM

Sudbury used to look like an asteroid as well due to VALE Inco's nickel mining operations, recently they started a three million dollar greening project to cover the eyesore of a black landscape. I live quite close to the big smelter super stack. If you every get to Sudbury check out Dynamic Earth, it's well worth it.

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#2

Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/23/2010 12:28 AM

For me, the corrosion resistance characteristics are most important- high nickel steels (NiLO, Inconel, Monel) are about the only thing that can really hold up in an aggressive saltwater/air interface environment. Great link on corrosion...

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#3
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Re: Five Contributions of Nickel in Alloy Steel

10/23/2010 1:27 AM

Yep, and they are the only ones that can handle very sour gas environments too (gotta love that 725 Inconel!). Ironically, high nickel carbon steels however do not, but nickel alloys do and some 300 series stainlesses do. I suspect carbon plays a role here. it's been a while but it seems like about 3% nickel is the cutoff for carbon steels per NACE MR0175 except in special situations where there the loading is almost exclusively compressive (8620 carbourized packer slips for example). I'd be interested in knowing if there is a metallurgical understanding of why, or if it is just empirically based without knowing why. I've never gotten a really clear answer from the metallurgists I've asked this before. kinda got the impression that it was empirical but they didn't want to admit that it all comes down to trying something and seeing if it worked.

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